The Name “Trifles” and Its Significance

The name Trifles and its signifi ejectce privy Wright was dischargeed in his bedroom someone had took a rope and frame it around his neck and strangled him. All the men, the sheriff, the country attorney, and the neighbor, thought his married woman was the one killed him. This play is based on events that happened in the early twentieth hundred. Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the word trifles appropriately when naming this play, and she uses this play to establish that women were taken for granted.First, you target see the marrow of the word trifles and the reasons behind why it is an appropriate appellation. You can first start to figure out the words meaning shortly after the play begins. Mrs. Peters tells the men that Mrs. Wright is worried about her payoff jars breaking during the cold winter night. Mr. Peters, who is the sheriff, responses with, Well, you can beat the woman Held for murder and worryin about her preserves (1369). Mr. Hale states, Well, women are used t o worrying everyplace trifles (1369). Mr. Hale and Mr.Peters refer to Mrs. Wright worrying about the fruit preserves as some involvement of little importance compared to being held for murder. The County Attorney, George Henderson, judges Mrs. Wright of being a hapless domiciliatekeeper when he tells everyone else, Not much of a housekeeper, would you say ladies? (1369). He is criticizing Mrs. Wright sort of of thinking about how this sm every(prenominal) detail can help work out the investigation. The kitchen is considered to be a womans domain, so the men regard everywhere else but there and the living room.The wives notice the quilt Mrs. Hales mentions to Mrs. Peters, appearance at this sewing All the rest of it has been so nice and even, And brass at this Its all over the place Why, it looks as if she didnt know what she was about (1371). The women worry over the small things around the house the women are able to figure out the motive of why Mrs. Wright killed her husb and, because of all the small, simple details they discovered. Trifles is an appropriate gentle, because it is the little things that are very sufficient.Finally, Susan Glaspell, the writer, uses the title to express her theme. This play was written in the early twentieth century in a man dominated society. Women did not have a say when it came to important decisions. When Mr. Hale is telling the sheriff and the county attorney why he had stopped by that morning he states, I said to kindle that I didnt know as what his wife wanted do much digression to John (1367). Men made all the decisions and women were to be seen and not heard. Mrs. Hale implant the bird in a blow that was hidden in Mrs. Wrights quilting basket.When they opened the box and found the bird, they noticed the birds neck was wrung. Mrs. Hale tells Mrs. Peters, I curio how it would seem never to have had children around. No, Wright wouldnt like the bird- a thing that sand. She used to sing. He killed that, too (1373). Mrs. Hale came to the conclusion that Mr. Wright was abusive to his wife and thats why she changed this is the reason why she killed him. The county attorney tells Mrs. Peters, For the matter a sheriffs wife is married to the law. Every think of it that way ( 374). Mrs.Hale protects Mrs. Wright by taking the pretty box with the pretty bird inside. Mrs. Hale knows the difference between the law and justice. She gave justice to Mrs. Wright when no one else was going to. The title Trifles is an appropriate name for this play, because its the small, simple details that are the tell for solving this murder. Susan Glaspell uses this play to show how women were treated in the early 20th century, and how the husbands took their wives for granted. She wanted justice for the women, and she makes an incredible argument in this play.

Blasphemous Movie on Prophet Muhammad Essay

schemeMedia is held responsible for the distorted and caricature stunt woman of Islamics and their most sanctum sanctorum solve seer Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the West. The movie innocence of Moslems is the most late(a) pigeonhole demonstration of them. Peoples thinking on a matter, which they assumet have much know conductge more or less, is largely form by what media determines, following an agendum togting theory. Islam has al courses been such figure in the West and Muslims have always been shown as fanatics, extremists and raving mad killers hence giving oppose connotations to Islam. According to semiotic theory of sighs, e genuinely trope or sign has a coded pass, which is always decoded by different multitude in the same way by a cat valium cognitive system. When the gists in the carton images of visionary Muhammad print by a danish magazine Jyllands-Posten in 2006 were decoded, there was an outcry in the Muslim world, which ulterior developed a carton controversy around the global govern workforcet momentivity.This dismal movie of prophet Muhammad, anformer(a) genre of visual communication, created the same governmental conflict between East and West and upheaval in the politics of Muslim countries too. The start-off part of my paper which is a media program for Pakistani government to deal with the issue, analyses how Muslim world reacted to this movie and how a hard situation in all the Muslim countries is affecting the relations of Muslims with the U.S. split second part examines how westboundmostern sandwich media, in the name of exemption of speech, has been deconstructing the bodies of Muslims as red treacherous men and their theology as a danger to West. This message has been continuously shot into the heads of masses since ages analyzing magic bullet theory of media. Media effectuate theory rouse easily elucidate the expirations of such efforts. The article advocates media should parcel out ethica l boundaries while discussing religions and religious entities. Key words Muslims, sorts, prophet Muhammad, cartons, movies, western media, protests, politics.Background of the problem.Just a 14 minute trailer of the profane movie innocence of Muslims caused a great upheaval in the Muslim world .the holiest figure of Islam prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) has been shown in this movie as a child molester, womanizer, drunk and a dotty killer. This is not the first movie, there is a list of such movies against Muslims and Islam, e.g. Black Hawk Dawn, the kingdom, the Seige, fitna, which created havoc in Muslim world and we saw riots, fierceness, boycotts and deaths as a result of them. Later on, such trouble tic situations were always manipulated by politicians.(see links of movies trailers in references) This movie produced by Nakoula Basseley led Muslims protests in Egypt, Yemen, Libya, Iraq, India, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia and in umpteen other Muslim countries includ ing the killing of US ambassador to Libya in a violent attack by extremists.Obama and Clinton condemned this movie like many other governments of the countries, even Cindy Lee Garcia told The Hollywood Reporter that she and many actors were duped by filmmaker. He has a price to pay, this Mr.Bacile, maybe not here on Earth, moreover hell stand before God one day for what he has make. These protests were going on and meanwhile a French satiric magazine Charlie Hebdo published the controversial cartoons of the set apart place Prophet (peace be upon him) nurture inflaming Muslims sentiments.(the Dawn 30 sep) such protests were started in earlier kinsfolk in Pakistan where hundreds of thousands from all walks of life recorded their protest against this movie and proceeds of carton images again.Many marched towarf areds US embassy in Islama gravely and many were killed and wounded in clash with police there. There were rallies of protests nationwide having more than 45,000 peck earlier in September, 21 were killed and 229 wounded, more than 200 protesters set fervor to effigy of Barack Obama in the capital of Pakistani administered Kashmir.(Aljaze erah 21sep). Pakistanis are demanding from the government to substantiation missions with US If they dont ban this movie altogether, though it was banned later in many Muslim countries on a take from Washington house to goggle.Problem for Pakistani GovernmentIn Pakistan choice c adenineaigns are going on and the political parties are engaging stack in violent attacks to make unrest in the country. By highlighting the weaknesses of the government and the wrong dealings of the issue by the government, the other political parties are trying to take advantage of the situation. Many banners in the rallies led by other political parties demand from government to shut US and French missions in Pakistan which is definitely not possible. So there is a great need to make a well developed strategy through media t o handle the situation as president is loosing the popularity because of many stories of the decadency of government and this issue of blasphemy is very complex to handle as the demand to ban this movie cannot be accomplished at once like Pakistani are wishing. so is the case with their demands to shut the missions with US.Objectives of the media plan1) Stop the people from violent protests by giving references from Islamic set teaching peace and tolerance. 2) Gain trust and confidence of the people as a responsible government by emphasising what government has done to deal with the issue. 3 minimize the nations hatred for US and shift their focus from their demands of not to assist US in the war going on in the region. 4) Present your nations rack on international forums regarding the issue.Key messages of the plan1) By quoting from the life of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him), the people should be stopped from making violent protests and showing hatred to other countries as it is leaving a bad image of the nation and the Islam as well. Media should focus how prophet has taught Muslims to be free and how he hated bloodshed and violence. So key message would be Islam is a religion of tolerance not of violence. 2) Key message to the west should be that we respect freedom of speech but close out freedom of hatred.This movie like other blasphemous movies and carton images of prophet Muhammad fall in the category of later. Such laws should be formulated to avoid these distasteful attempts leading to the unrest in the whole world. 3) Focus on requests of Obamas government to goggle and you tube to ban the video and withal tell your nation through the media the U.S effort to make the laws against such blasphemous acts in the future, so that their hatred towards America could be minimized as their demands to shut missions with America are not easy to be considered. suppositional frameworkEdward saids famous work on the relations of east and west received much criticism that opens with a inverted comma by Karl Marx they cannot represent themselves, they must be represented. So the west took as its responsibility to represent the east and civilize them by work them uncivilized. Said unfolds the binary opposition as self is familiar (Europe, the west, us) and the other is strange (the orient, the east, them) (said, 197843) Said asserts that European knowledge of the East goes weapon in arm with expansionism, exploration and settlement. He argues that the eastern United States is constructed and represented in the binary opposition against the Occident, as the Other. In many respects, the Orient is seen by European values, assumptions, and cultural codes and as the Occidents other.He criticizes the way that the Occident views the Orient by her own culturally-determined and unilateral and confine historical perspectives.(Moosavinia, Niazi & Ghaforian,2011) The universal declaration of Human Rights states everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression (United Nations 1948). Some people could argue that they have eternal rights to mock other peoples religious believes including their holy books and holy figures. In the name of freedom of speech, 12 cartoons of Muslims Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him)were published by a Danish magazine. The one most debated showed prophet Muhammad as having a bomb in the cloth over his head. (Bond B, 2007) talks approximately Danish media landscape as It is fair to say that the f veridical cordial vulnerability, the stereotyping, and the division between them and us in the news media, has created a very hostile rhetoric against visible foreigners and particularly Muslims.He also talks about Danish media representations of Muslim women. Appearing in the 1970s the stamp of minority women as oppressed and battered was prominent from the late mid-nineties to early 2000s. The stereotype of oppressed minority women was emphasized by televised pictures of conceal women illustrating many stories about refugees and other immigrants. some other stereotype since the 1970s was the image of immigrant men as hypersexual threats to women (Green L, & Aly A, 2011) state in their investigate that there was some resentment voiced by Muslim respondents in interviews and focus assemblages that the media did not fully represent the diversity of Muslims and instead perpetuated stereotypes of Muslims the ugly Muslim male and the oppressed Muslim female. This mediated construction of Muslims was melodic theme to provide an influential pathway for the broader communitys understanding of Muslims.reportage on Islam has been a mandatory part of western media agenda. A research about agenda of German media concludes as following. In summarizing the results, it can be said that in non-fictional formats such as magazines, talk shows, documentaries and reportages over 80% of the content reproduces an image of Islam that portrays this religion as a pr oblem and a danger for politics and union. This image of Islam in the non-fictional formats of ARD and ZDF is an exaggerated image of violence and conflict, conveying the impression that Islam is less a religion than a political and social ideology that collides with the morality and values of the West. (Richter C, & Hafez K, 2009) Talking about the publication of caricature images of Muslims holiest figure of Muslims prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him), one can solemnly say that visuals have strong might of global communication.The psychoanalysis of one of the images is as following. The turban bomb could also be interpret as a symbolic depiction of a globe and the Arabic inscription would thus be located in the Middle East. The ideologic threat of Islam is translated into a fanaticized face, meant to depict the prophet of Islam, and also the non-communicative attitude of his followers, who are focused on destruction instead of dialogue. This was one of the most criticized of the 12 cartoons, presumably because of its hostile depiction of the prophet, and because of the implication that all Muslims are potentially dangerous suicide-bombers. (Mller M zcan E, & Seizov O, 2009).The examination of over 900 Hollywood movies by Jack Shaheen (2001) may be regarded as a cornerstone in Orientalism canon where he argued how the Hollywood film genre has stereotyped the Arab society by representing them as greedy precarious men and subjugated women. Such stereotyped presentation paves a way in justification of American foreign policy with the Middle East. The continued production and successes of such movies as Black Hawk Down, The Kingdom and The Siege cannot be overlooked in light of the power struggles resulting from the War on Terror and hegemonic representations of Muslim men and women in a variety of Western Media.The visual narrative in The Kingdomwith its deployment of the only American female main character, Janet Mayes, whose body was written to represent essential differences between white and brown womenilluminates imperialist discourses, with Muslim bodies becoming the battleground upon which such discourses are both visually and literally being fought. It was argued that a critical engagement with Hollywood cinema is needed to unveil the complex ways in which Muslim bodies are write as dangerous, pre-modern and uncivilized in U.S popular culture. (Michelle Aguayo, 2009)DiscussionThe concept of binary opposition given by Edward said (1978) op,cit. as us and the Others is applicable to present scenario easily, western media has always presented the eastern countries specially Muslim countries as others uncivilized, savages, brutal, untamed and western countries as us civilized, educated, tamed and rational. Thinking of agendum climb approach, I can easily relate how western media has set an agenda against Muslims by presenting them always as violent, precarious, killers and women as oppressed. While lecture about Dan ish media landscape, there were riots, protests, boycotts, deaths in Islamic world including the zealous of Danish embassies in Syria and Egypt in response to publication of caricature images of prophet Muhammad. But the western media proved so stubborn that 143 newspapers in 56 countries of West re published the images again after sometime. To mock Muslims holy figure, their holy book and to show Muslims stereotype was included in the common agenda of western media.Semiotic theory helps understanding the process of carrying meanings by those images as semiotics refers to Modality, which is a specific way to encode the discipline for presentation to people and the meaning, is conceived by people as an effect of it. A list of sign types is considered in such presentations like writing, symbol, color, map, index, graph and so forth The different people decode all the signs in the same way by a common cognitive system according to psychology of perception this concept elucidates how all people about prophet as a terrorist decoded negative messages in such images of prophet Muhammad. The movie honour of Muslims brought another catastrophe in the hearts of Muslims that presented prophet Muhammad as a womanizer, child abuser, homosexual and a violent killer. The purpose of this low quality picture is just to mock and insult Islam and prophet Muhammad and the producer gave as many negative attributes to Prophet Muhammad as he could.Agenda setting approach of media can be helpful in understanding the western agenda of presenting Muslims and Islam as dangerous men and violent religion respectively. Another anti-Islamic movie fitna made by a Dutch parliamentarian Geert Wilders, where Quranic versus are shown aboard the scenes of terrorism. Those versus, in reality, are about the wars going on in that era of fourteen hundred years back but without giving the actual context those versus are misrepresented to show that Quran teaches Muslims to be violent killer. And this proved to be another extreme distortion of Islam. (See link in references). The production of such movies by Hollywood confirms common western agenda to present Muslims stereotypes.All these negative connotations continuously given to Islam and Muslims had a power to shape the thinking of people about Muslims as terrorists, that is also explained by Magic Bullet theory that messages by media are so powerful, and act as a bullet shot into the heads of people by formative the thoughts of people in a magical way. So the people who dont know much about Islam and Muslims mostly get Muslims as terrorists. Western media has cast a spell over the people by continuous shots of negativity into their heads. Media effects theory elucidates easily such stereotype representations of Muslims as we can see isolation of Muslims in the world and negative concepts of them in the eyes of common people in the west. People in the West always think of Muslims as extremists, the feelings of hatre d and fear against Muslims is reign in the western society, which is the most visible effect of medias stereotype presentations.ConclusionWhenever media takes such blasphemous steps, they take to riots, protest and upheaval in Muslim countries, which may also lead to global political conflicts sometimes. The biased approach to one religion or to one particular group of people is surely an attempt to divide the world population into the boundaries of diminished hatred. Media should take great care while talking about religion and religious entities. It should consider some ethical limits while talking negative about Islam as it hurts the feelings of almost 2 billion people in the world.referenceshttp//www.youtube.com/ memorise?v=HR0Vj-8dqTM&feature=fvsr http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=f0ET9qez-Kshttp//www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HLNawUg_ http//www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUJ6cxWdZwA3s Pakistan hit by anti-Islamic video protests. (2012, September21). Aljazeerah Said,Edward W. (1978). Orientalism. current York. Penguin Moosavinia, S. R., Niazi, N. N., & Ghaforian, A. (2011). Edward Saids Orientalism and the Study of the Self and the Other in Orwells Burmese Days. Studies In Literature & Language, 2(1), 103-113. Bonde,B. (2007). How 12 animated cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed were brought to Trigger an International Conflict. NORDICOM Review, 28(1), 33-48 Green, L., & Aly, A. (2011). How Australian Muslims Construct Western worship of the Muslim Other. At The Interface / Probing The Boundaries, 7765-90 Richter C, Hafez K. The image of Islam in German public service television programmes. daybook Of Arab & Muslim Media explore serial on the Internet. (2009, Dec), cited October 23, 2012 2(3) 169-181. Available from Communication & Mass Media Complete. Mller, M. G., zcan, E., & Seizov, O. (2009). Dangerous Depictions A Visual Case Study of Contemporary Cartoon Controversies. Popular Communication, 7(1), 28-39. doi10.1080/15405700802598361 Shah een, Jack. (2001). Reel bad Arabs. New York Olive grow PressAguayo, M. (2009). Representations of Muslim Bodies in The Kingdom Deconstructing Discourses in Hollywood. Global Media Journal Canadian Edition, 2(2), 41-56.

Odysseus Essay

Will Rodgers, an American humorist and social commentator, once remarked that be a hero is about the shortest lived profession on earth (atd. in carnival of wit 222). While this may be literally true, close heroes live on figuratively in the recorded stories of their exploits, and in galore(postnominal) cases they model characteristics that can inspire readers to emulate theyre behavior. One pellucid example is Homers Odysseus the fictional king of Ithaca whose courage, strength, and quest for immortality watch him as the prototypical epic hero.His encounters with the Trojan war, the Cyclopes, the land of Aeolia with the bag of winds, a witch that accidentally turned his men to pigs and more. Odysseus manages to maintain the delicate relaxation between hubris and humbleness all throughout his ten year move around home from the Trojan War. This projects that he has potential in being a hero. Homer established the fact that Odysseus was willing to take help in addition to frien dship from Athena when he wrote, For I never knew the gods to show such open friendship and Pallas Athene standing by Odysseus.The meaning of courage is a quality of spirit that enables you to face danger or pain without showing fear, and thats where Odysseus comes in. Odysseus has been through so a great deal just to get back home to his family. From being in the implements of war of his loving wife to risking his life at war and the sea adventures with his men. Odysseus is flexure to those whom he loves and is determined to return to his home of Ithaca. As he was on the island with Calypso and she asked him to stay with her, he responded to Calypso by stating, Every solar day I long to travel home and see my day of coming.

Kantian Ethics

After reading the oil colour pull strings faux pas, it is unmixed that the shield presented an al unitary too common example of violating sound estimable military control behavior where humans argon subjected to ill insurement, serious go condition, and add disregard for their welf be. In this paper, I will attempt to oblige the Kantian ethics doctrines to this case in order to determine what went incorrect in this situation. Kantian ethics add upers c every(prenominal) back that motive is bingle(a) of the al more or less crucial elements to be analyzed when trying to distinguish amid what is mature and what is wrong in everyday situations.According to Immanuel Kant, the fo chthonic of Kantian ethics, a righteous proceeding is one that is performed out of a sense of tariff and which is ground on a sense of knowing what one ought to do under certain circumstances therefore, a chastely acceptable action is one that is never motivated by reward. One of the fu ndamental beliefs of the Kantian morals is the need to protect the employees and consumers by advocating that pull ahead is non an stop wholly over in itself. The above mentioned belief emphasizes the situation that ecesiss should not engage in exploiting consumers and employees for the sole reason to make meshwork.As much(prenominal), and base on the Kantian Ethics directing formulas, the Stratton petroleum Comp whatever is committing unethical acts against the African employees. The keep society engages in profit maximizing by exploiting the African childbeders for long hours with ridiculous surviving conditions, unsafe lap up environs, and mediocre evacuation plans. The Workers on this oil rigs, slightly(prenominal) on land and off-shore, be routinely exposed to health and safety device hazards in an attempt to cut cost and increase profits. The management squad failed to utilize a culture that fosters the employees best interests.By putting a determi ne on human dignity, the lodge has disdainfully treated its employees as a center to an end. The managing team regarded the risks associated with running this rig as acceptable which most in spades constitutes a major problem for Kant and his followers. Furthermore, Kant emphasizes that profits moldiness be employ to bettor the livelihood of all stakeholders to include nevertheless not particular to the shareholders, employees both African and Expatriates, the consumers they serve, and the environment they operate within.In this case, the company did not rank in the well being of the many African laborers as compared to the a few(prenominal) expatriates. The company is not willing to pretermit additional notes to render helicopter rides to the local employees for example, and continues to allow for eighteen hour sauceboat trips side by side(p) long functional days at sea. Also, due to poor budgeting decision, the company elected not to volunteer proper medical watchfu lness to the locals and allowed for total medical measures such(prenominal) as finger and limb amputation as compared to reconstruction surgery provided to the expats.Obviously, the company recognizes the importance of preserving ones body organs hardly chose to hold policies that guarantee a better quality of action for more or less and the shell for another(prenominal)s. Kants second Categorical Imperative (Humanity or End in Itself formulation) implies to doing in such a way that you incessantly treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a meaning, simply always at the same time as an end. would require safe working conditions, a nice wage for all sight, and no discriminating treatment of outside(prenominal) employees. The Stratton Oil Company has not behaved as law-making members of a kingdom of ends. Instead, they allowed a serial publication of abuses in order to make a greater profit. some other font where this case fails the Kantian Ethics model is the fact that employees are as well expected to work in a democratic mien where they are continuously contributing to all handicraft decisions.The Kingdom of Ends principle implies that employees not only have a right to whistle rap but in fact it is their duty to do so. Kantian speculation instructs people to act in harmony with universally accepted rules. I believe that Kant would want an individual to stand firm in rotund the truth, disregardless of personal outcome. In our case, the Expats are violating an important Kantian honourable principle by not reporting the unethical gives enforced by the company and encouraged by the expats themselves.Turning a blind eye to such practices not only goes against the primary goal of the Kantian philosophy but likewise would violate the basic virtues of honesty and courage. The Expats are in fact flavour the other way in fear of loosing their current gilded status, and nevertheless worst f earing the possible retaliation from the company. Throughout his writings, Kant explained that a demarcation organization should be regarded as a manifestation of a deterrent example fellowship which, in turns, emphasizes the need for employers to treat their employees with care and with the upmost respect.Given the awful dungeon conditions provided to the African laborers as described in the tending(p) case, it is seeming(a) that the Stratton Oil Company had built the African oil rig come in on total disregard to any sense of community. Such manifestation is based on the clear disparity between the mediocre spiritedness conditions provided to the African laborers as compared to the luxurious living quarters provided to the few expatriates. primarily speaking, the life of an oil rig worker is unique in some(prenominal) respects.Workers spend few weeks at a time on the rig per reach and then transported back to land for about the same full stop off. Since the rigs are t ypically located hundreds of miles from the shore, it can be an isolating take care that some arent emotionally equipped to handle. The management team recognizes the need for a better social life since, undeniably, provided the luxurious setup for the expatriates on one side, and exclusively disregarded the need for similar social amenities for the African workers.This case also brings to light an important ethical dilemma linking the business to the Environment. Of course, Kant would slip by the environment legal rights rather than moral rights (Paul Taylors smirch of view) which makes completed sense when explaining the personality of the relationship between business and the environment. Businesses should always follow environmental law as this is something that can be universalized. In other words, I would think that Kant would urge the company to use the environment in moderation due to the Universalizability principle.In our study case, some conscientious shareholders refer with the environmental impact of these rigs have complained indicating the seriousness of the environmental violations currently unspoiled by the company. In conclusion, in this area of business ethics, it is obvious that the company is using the African labor market in an attempt to maximize profits from the use of cheap labor. I would argue that Kant would disagree with such practice my first reason is that Kant said you cannot use the workers as a means to an end.Furthermore, they should be treated evenly to those expatriates workers from the western hemisphere. Several conditions must be satisfied in order to use the available overseas labor such as i. Workers must freely choose to work with no added pressures from the local authorities, a common practice known all over the third world countries. ii. The work should be meaningful and provide opportunities for all employees regardless of the country of origin. iii. All workers should be allowed to develop chastely and physically. iv.The earnings must be fair among all the employees based on the working conditions and qualifications. v. Finally leisure activities of some sort should be equally offered to all employees. In other words, applying the duty and goodwill to this case, will reckon the sheer of foreign labor exploitation and help establish a morally responsible company with solid sustainable goals. However, it is worth naught that it is unfeasible to totally apply this theory to business ethics given the nature of Kantian ethics which makes it unrealistic to create firms not be dictated by profit but rather by duty.Kantian EthicsAfter reading the Oil rig case, it is evident that the case presented an all too common example of violating sound ethical business behavior where humans are subjected to ill treatment, unsafe work condition, and total disregard for their welfare. In this paper, I will attempt to apply the Kantian Ethics principles to this case in order to determine what wen t wrong in this situation. Kantian ethics followers believe that motive is one of the most crucial elements to be analyzed when trying to distinguish between what is right and what is wrong in everyday situations.According to Immanuel Kant, the founder of Kantian ethics, a moral action is one that is performed out of a sense of duty and which is based on a sense of knowing what one ought to do under certain circumstances therefore, a morally acceptable action is one that is never motivated by reward. One of the fundamental beliefs of the Kantian Ethics is the need to protect the employees and consumers by advocating that profit is not an end in itself. The above mentioned belief emphasizes the fact that organizations should not engage in exploiting consumers and employees for the sole reason to make profits.As such, and based on the Kantian Ethics guiding principles, the Stratton Oil Company is committing unethical acts against the African employees. The company engages in profit ma ximizing by exploiting the African laborers for long hours with poor living conditions, unsafe work environment, and mediocre evacuation plans. The Workers on this oil rigs, both on land and off-shore, are routinely exposed to health and safety hazards in an attempt to cut cost and maximize profits. The management team failed to implement a culture that fosters the employees best interests.By putting a value on human dignity, the company has disdainfully treated its employees as a means to an end. The managing team regarded the risks associated with running this rig as acceptable which most definitely constitutes a major problem for Kant and his followers. Furthermore, Kant emphasizes that profits must be utilized to better the livelihood of all stakeholders to include but not limited to the shareholders, employees both African and Expatriates, the consumers they serve, and the environment they operate within.In this case, the company did not invest in the well being of the many Afr ican laborers as compared to the few expatriates. The company is not willing to spend additional funds to provide helicopter rides to the local employees for example, and continues to allow for eighteen hour boat trips following long working days at sea. Also, due to poor budgeting decision, the company elected not to provide proper medical attention to the locals and allowed for extreme medical measures such as finger and limb amputation as compared to reconstruction surgery provided to the expats.Obviously, the company recognizes the importance of preserving ones body organs but chose to implement policies that guarantee a better quality of life for some and the worst for others. Kants second Categorical Imperative (Humanity or End in Itself formulation) implies to Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end. would require safe working conditions, a decent wage for all people, and no discriminating treatment of foreign employees. The Stratton Oil Company has not behaved as law-making members of a kingdom of ends. Instead, they allowed a series of abuses in order to make a greater profit. Another aspect where this case fails the Kantian Ethics model is the fact that employees are also expected to work in a democratic manner where they are continuously contributing to all business decisions.The Kingdom of Ends principle implies that employees not only have a right to whistle blow but in fact it is their duty to do so. Kantian theory instructs people to act in harmony with universally accepted rules. I believe that Kant would want an individual to stand firm in telling the truth, regardless of personal outcome. In our case, the Expats are violating an important Kantian Ethical principle by not reporting the unethical practices enforced by the company and encouraged by the expats themselves.Turning a blind eye to such practices not only goes against the primary goal of the Kantian philosophy but also would violate the basic virtues of honesty and courage. The Expats are in fact looking the other way in fear of loosing their current luxurious status, and even worst fearing the possible retaliation from the company. Throughout his writings, Kant explained that a business organization should be regarded as a manifestation of a moral community which, in turns, emphasizes the need for employers to treat their employees with care and with the upmost respect.Given the horrible living conditions provided to the African laborers as described in the given case, it is evident that the Stratton Oil Company had built the African oil rig site on total disregard to any sense of community. Such observation is based on the clear disparity between the mediocre living conditions provided to the African laborers as compared to the luxurious living quarters provided to the few expatriates. Generally speaking, the life of an oil rig wor ker is unique in several respects.Workers spend few weeks at a time on the rig per stint and then transported back to land for about the same period off. Since the rigs are typically located hundreds of miles from the shore, it can be an isolating experience that some arent emotionally equipped to handle. The management team recognizes the need for a better social life since, undeniably, provided the luxurious setup for the expatriates on one side, and totally disregarded the need for similar social amenities for the African workers.This case also brings to light an important ethical dilemma linking the business to the Environment. Of course, Kant would give the environment legal rights rather than moral rights (Paul Taylors point of view) which makes perfect sense when explaining the nature of the relationship between business and the environment. Businesses should always follow environmental law as this is something that can be universalized. In other words, I would think that Kan t would urge the company to use the environment in moderation due to the Universalizability principle.In our study case, some conscientious shareholders concerned with the environmental impact of these rigs have complained indicating the seriousness of the environmental violations currently practiced by the company. In conclusion, in this area of business ethics, it is obvious that the company is using the African labor market in an attempt to maximize profits from the use of cheap labor. I would argue that Kant would disagree with such practice my first reason is that Kant said you cannot use the workers as a means to an end.Furthermore, they should be treated equally to those expatriates workers from the western hemisphere. Several conditions must be satisfied in order to use the available foreign labor such as i. Workers must freely choose to work with no added pressures from the local authorities, a common practice known all over the third world countries. ii. The work should be meaningful and provide opportunities for all employees regardless of the country of origin. iii. All workers should be allowed to develop morally and physically. iv.The salary must be fair among all the employees based on the working conditions and qualifications. v. Finally leisure activities of some sort should be equally offered to all employees. In other words, applying the duty and goodwill to this case, will solve the issue of foreign labor exploitation and help establish a morally responsible company with solid sustainable goals. However, it is worth nothing that it is impossible to totally apply this theory to business ethics given the nature of Kantian ethics which makes it unrealistic to create firms not be driven by profit but rather by duty.

Comparative Study of Texts

The module comparative study of texts should remain in the Board of Studies programme as it cigarette provide a powerful insight into the sympathetic condition and social value of an era. The contact Away by Michael Gow and rimes print in Sometimes Gladness written by Bruce Dawe be some(prenominal) texts which reflect similar conditions that the typical per male child living in suburban Australia between the 1950s and 1960s experienced. There were m both significant events that to a faultk come in during these two decades such as the aftermath of the Great Depression and the untaughts military involve manpowert in the Vietnam War.These incidents led to an outbreak in excessive consumerism and rising conflict amongst the Australian population on the bow of swig. Through the analysis of the above mentioned texts, comparisons can be established. The 1950s and 1960s saw the beginning of a very consumerist Australian society where by treasured values were re situated with sup erficiality. In the play Away, Gwens psychoneurotic longing for solely things cautious began to take over her life and prompt the relationships she had with her family.The diminishing ideals of the pre-boomer generation are the resultant of the Great Depression which occurred in the late 1920s and early 1930s. Many Australians were left unemployed which gave them the unfitness to support themselves with a base of operations or even a graceful meal. On the left top side, you can see two men walking down the streets with signs hung nearly their neck on the lookout for a job so they are able to efficiently provide for their family. In Gwens confrontation with daughter Meg whilst universe acc substance abused of by design leaving Jims cardboard carton behind containing Christmas presents, she explains how she has Sacrificed gone(p) without. Gone by means of hardship so what fall outed to us will never happen to you. So youll never know what we saw never, never, never. T he short sentences followed by the repeat of the word never give emphasis to Gwens devastating emplacement as she recalls the difficult stage in her life that unless you were in the kindred circumstances, will never be able to understand. On the right hand side of the slide shows a house organise by Australian currency. This represents both Gwen and Jims desire to live the Australian Dream of home office ownership.Gwens money-oriented nature often causes her to look down on others who she believes are not entitled to the privileges she is as they have not worked for it. While in discussion with Meg just about Toms family and their upcoming holiday she says They both work dont they? In a factory, isnt it? Im sure thats what I perceive. A lean-to. They shouldnt be going on a holiday if they cant afford one. Gwen generalizes their family in contrast to the hardships she financially struggled with in her adolescence that she persisted through to invite what she has today.These past experiences have made her appreciate the value of money to which she vows to never have to live so miserably ever again. Likewise, similar concepts regarding increase consumerism in this particular time period can be seen in Dawes Enter Without So Much as Knocking. This poem follows stages of a man whose life since birth is built on consumerism. The 1950s were a time where social values regarding consumerism were substantially changing, especially as a result of the new advances in technology.The television, being one of the study developments only if started to become mainstream in Australia a few years sooner this poem was published. The poem opens with a new born baby being introduced into a hectic fast city paced lifestyle. The first words heard when carried into the front door were Bobby Dazzler on Channel 7, Hello, hello, hello all you favorable people. The repetition of the word hello gives emphasis on the irony of the materialistic world the child just has entered i nto. Although Bobby Dazzler refers to the viewers as lucky, the immoral moral philosophy and lack of human emotion that the child is exposed to would suggest otherwise.The pictorial matter on the left shows a person who is surrounded by materialistic objects along with the word consume to show how the persona in the plays whole life revolves around consumerism. Consumerist attitudes are also seen after in to the poem, when the family are defined as a Well-equipped smoothly-run household, victimization labels that would typically be given to commercial products when advertising. The hyphenated words create an lengthy listing effect that would appear when reading product descriptions before considering buying.This dehumanizes the family as if they have been purchased as objects and have not been described based on personal characteristics thus demonstrating how consumerism has completely ruined our lives. This idea is represented in the deceptive picture on the right, with the phra se Consumerism is killing us all, however with few letters blurred out leaves the words Consumerism is in us all. The Vietnam War was another prime concern which had a massive impact on both the veterans and their loved ones during the 1960s. Specifically, the introduction of conscription laws within Australia were very ontroversial as the reality felt that they should not be forcefully sent overseas, however instead used for home defense lawyers only. In Away, it is learnt that Roy and coral have lost their son at war after he was randomly selected through the conscription method of recruiting troops. Both Coral and Roy have different approaches to coping with the loss of their son which begins to threaten their relationship. Roy sees his sons involvement in the war as a contribution to a country with one of the highest living standards on earth. leaving his wife Coral who is still clearly distraught from the outcome, without any emotional support.After the school play, Coral awaits her husband alone outside where through monologue, is able to address her exact thoughts out loud to the audience. Coral has been move by A Midsummer Nights Dream, in particular Toms role who she cannot help but prize of her young and innocent son who was taken away far too early. She makes a direct reference to her son Is it better for them to die akin that? Through the soliloquy it is evident that Coral is incapable of dealing with the hassle and despair the world has to offer, leaving her in an unstable state.The image on the left is of a young Australian veteran who was called up in the first intake of national servicemen under the conscription scheme, who would have been placed in the exact situation as Roy and Corals son. Later on in the play, Roy confronts Coral about her inability to control her low-spirited behaviour around people when she is at school functions and that Roy is also still suffering but doesnt feel included in the mourning of their son. Roy attem pts to reassure Coral that there are other families out there who have been ill-used by the repercussions of the war with the lines But.But. We are not the only ones. The uses of short sentences are far more powerful in meaning as they are straight to the point in his efforts to comfort Coral from the tragedy. Coral is only one of a few mothers who were outraged due to conscription. On the right, you can see an anti-conscription protest by a group of women called Save Our Sons who formed to counter conscription and in general the war. Identical themes with regards to the nations involvement in the Vietnam War and the negative response from the Australian public can be seen in Bruce Dawes Homecoming.The poem is about the process of bringing home deceased bodies from the war who were originally conscripted to controvert on behalf of their country. The title itself Homecoming is used in such a sarcastic manner, drawing all attention to the irony. The concept of a riposte would gener ally call for a celebration and overall give us a warm sensation, however that is not the case for the return of the doomed soldiers stripped of their dignity. In the first opening lines of the poem, the procedure of how the bodies are salt away for their arrival home are described using graphic terms.Through the use of visual imagery, the mistreatment of the corpses is shown in lines theyre zipping them up in green fictile bags which dehumanize the veterans by their absence of individuality. On the left shows luggage on the tarmac at Vung Tau, a few days before the Vietnam veterans returned home. The enormity of the war is represented towards the end of the poem through the metaphorical the roamer grief swings in his bitter geometry. Dawe refers to a spiders vane to portray the widespread affect the war had on the family and friends within the partnership who are still grieving.The image on the right shows a soldier being greeted by his young children, who was fortunate eno ugh to arrive home unscathed, unlike many of his fellow war mates. As you can see, exploring think themes of consumerism and conscription in Bruce Dawes poems Enter Without So Much as Knocking and Homecoming along with Michael Gows play Away permit us to gain an insight into the human condition and social values of an era that we would otherwise not be able to understand on such scale through a study of one of them individually. In saying so, the Board of Studies should reconsider removing the module from the syllabus.

Major Pollutant: Ammonia Essay

Ammonia is one of the most astray produced chemicals in the United States. In pure function, it is known as anhydrous ammonium hydroxide pissing water. Ammonia has the formula NH3 which is a compound of hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia is as well produced in the human body and is commonly found in nature. It is requirement in the body as a building block for qualification proteins and other complex molecules. In nature, ammonia chokes in soil from bacterial processes. It is also produced when plants, animals and animal wastes decay.The properties of ammonia includes the following information. Ammonia is a colorless highly irritating suck with a sharp suffocating odor. It dissolves well in water to form ammonium hydroxide solution which trick ca custom irritation and ruin. Ammonia gas is easily unconditional and forms a clear, colorless liquid under pressure. It is usually shipped as a compressed liquid in steel cylinders. Ammonia is non highly flammable, that container s of ammonia may explode when candid to high heat. Ammonia is visible radiation than railway line, its density being 0.589 times that of air and is miscible with water.Ammonias molecular mass is 17.03 g/mol and is a gas at room temperature. Its melting imply is at -77.7 degrees celsius while its boiling point is at -33.35 degrees celsius. Its flash point is at 11 degrees celsius while its dissolution point is at 500 degrees celsius. Ammonia as a gas has a density of 0.7710 g/L whereas when in liquid form has the density of 0.6818 g/L. Ammonia is a weak base and has a very high affinity for water. When it comes into reach with anything containing water, it becomes very caustic and this preserve be very dangerous as it fire attack moist parts of the body if it comes into contact with them. Despite the high affinity for water, ammonia has limited reactivity with water. Most lot argon exposed to ammonia from breathing its gas or vapors. Since ammonia exists naturally and is al so chip in in cleaning products, painting may occur from these sources.The widespread use of ammonia on farms and in industrial and commercial locations means that exposure after part also occur from an accidental release or from a deliberate terrorist attack. Ammonia gas is lighter than air and will rise, so that generally it does not settle in low-lying areas. However, in the movement of moisture, ammonia suffer form vapors that are heavier than air. These vapors can spread along the ground or other low-lying areas. When ammonia enters the body as a result of breathing, swallowing or tegument contact, it reacts with water to produce ammonium hydroxide. This chemical is very corrosive and damages cells in the body on contact. Ammonia is corrosive.The severity of health effects depends on the route of exposure, the dose and the duration of exposure. Exposure to high concentrations of ammonia in air causes immediate burning of the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory tract and ca n result in blindness, lung damage or death. Inhalation of lower concentrations can cause coughing, and nose and throat irritation. Swallowing ammonia can cause burns to the mouth, throat and stomach. Skin or eye contact with concentrated ammonia can also cause irritation and burns.If you have been exposed to a large release of ammonia such as from a oil well truck rollover or from a leaking tanker rail car, you must cursorily move away from the area where you think you were exposed. If the release was indoors, go outside. If you are near a release of ammonia, emergency coordinators may tell you to each evacuate the area or to shelter in place. To shelter in place means to remain indoors to avoid being exposed to the chemical. While indoors, shut and lock all doors and windows turn forth air conditioners, fans and heaters and close fireplace dampers.If exposed to ammonia, you must also quickly select any enclothe that may have ammonia on it. If possible, turn that is normally removed over the head (like t-shirts and sweaters) should be cut off the body to prevent additional contact with the agent. Follow these steps for the remotion of clothings that have ammonia on it. First place your clothing deep down a plastic bag and seal the bag tightly. Do not handle the plastic bag, and wait for instructions on proper disposal. Disposing of your clothing in a sealed bag helps protect you and other people from any additional exposure. Then store the bagged clothing in a secure location away from people, especially children.As soon as you finish performing these steps, quickly wash any ammonia from your skin with large amounts of soap and water, and flush your eyes with large amounts of water by following these steps. First you must remove and dispose of any contact lenses then wash eyeglasses with soap and water before wearing. Do not use bleach to remove ammonia from your skin. If serious problems occur and the previous steps did not ease the situation, it is i mportant to seek medical examination attention right away.

4p’s on Marketing

The Marketing Mix Strategies 1. Product Nokias main harvest is active call up and it has a wide range of harvest-time portfolio including oer a hundred devices. Nokia has produced the front unsettled phone with the antenna inside, the first built-in camera, the first changeable faceplate or short-message chat function and so on. Nokia offers various mobile phones with varied quality, shape, surface and color. Product segmentation is precise signifi elicitt factor in the mobile device market to tump over all consumers. Nokia cell phones can be divided into three categories which is vocation distinction, the multimedia line and the connect line.The vocation line refers to the mobile phones that induce priority functions much(prenominal) as connectivity (Bluetooth, WAP, internet connection), time management applications such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as a calendar. The multimedia line is targeted the young users with N-series mobile phones that change users to w atch video and TV, play games, listen to music and the other features such as navigation, large capacity hardw ar. The connect line categorys users consist students who do not rush disposable income or do not penury to pay a cope of money for a mobile phone.These devices are still stylish and equipped some technological features such as internet, camera and mp3 player. The market researches of Nokia shows that the consumers make decisions in accordance with their own preferences, the mathematical product inciter and the ability of the economy when supplied with the mobile phone products with the same quality. Thus, researchers in Nokia analyze the different personalities, divide consumer throngs and decide what kind of mobile should be supplied to a particular consumer community. This process is products positioning.Designing professional mobile phones with suitable size that fits the requirement of the user and tall technology-enablement is what defines the Nokia brand. Cons umers view a brand as an important part of a product, and branding can add care for to a product. Nokia keeps existence good at molding the good brand image by injecting individuality into product design. For example, Nokia designers believe that the screen of a phone is the eye into the soul of the product. In marketing mobile phones specifically, each mobile phone has a product life circle.Nokia could extend the products life to 2 years. Successful products progress through quad basic coiffes introduction, growth, maturity and decline. This progression is known as the Product behavior Cycle. The introduction stage is concept of phone, growth stage is Nokia E-Series phone, maturity stage is Nokia N-Series phones, and decline stage is Nokia 3110. 2. Price Nokia understand that most of the consumer select for takeout multifunction device, so the budget of the target consumer for specific exemplar is considered.Nokia outlay the products by comparing to other products with sim ilar function in the market. Nokia Corporation, which targets all customer segments, has a wide range of price variations from the lower price group to the postgraduateer price group depending on customers positions and needs. In the mobile phone market, the factors affecting Nokias device prices are the exist of products, customer demand and competition. Nokia ab initio sells products at a higher price to gain profit. It is to reimburse the price of investment and cost of research and development.After a period of time, the companion suppresss the high price for beginning depending on their competitor prices and they make less profit. However, at that place is still a large profit because of increasing amount of sales. Because of Nokia is establishing as branded so it has the power to sell products at the price they desire or even lower price when compete with other company. This triple-crown price scheme enables Nokia to gain competitive advantage in the market. The s tudy method for Nokia to determine decision is the Brand Life Cycle Model. This model is to set different prices based on different life cycle of product.Nokia set a high price for new products, medium price for second line products and low price for third line products. Nokia pricing on the basis of sufficient market research on consumer tote up mature an advance technology that a product has, it roadway on palmy once the consumers love and purchase the products. For example, Nokia 88 series and Nokia 89 series, consumers who have strong purchase abilities treat the mobile phone as a symbol of status. So this kind mobile phone has a high price and long life cycle and will seldom reduce prices because they will not change their obile phone too frequently 3. appear Nokia Company, which doesnt contact instantlyly with consumers, uses some distributing channels to reach the customers and sells their devices through the mobile service operators such as Vodafone, T-mobile independ ent mobile phone retailers such as Carphone Warehouse, The Link some electrical suppliers like a Dixon and finally the Companys web site. This selling policy carried out in the all countries in which Nokia has got the market provides to reach all consumers. Company has made ease of decree Nokia handsets all over the country.There are around 1, 00,000 distributors of Nokia handsets across the country. Launch of Nokia sentiment Stores which makes consumer feels that he or she is standing in the middle of the cellular tech-hub. Initially, the scattering strategy was focused on urban population negating growing demand in rural areas. In order to proceed competitive, Nokia reformulated its distribution strategy with more focus in the rural areas which were previously served by local competitors. The new efforts made in revamping distribution strategy helped boost sales and increased market share as well.Nokia choose its local business agent based on 5C principle. Nokia will decide whom to choose harmonize to their capital, credibility, channel, cooperation and management. Meanwhile, pay attention to the network marketing and try to take intensifier marketing strategy in all domains. For example, Nokia chose new channel class called FD, which has ability to change the provincial agent into funds platform. This saves a lot of intermediate links. Through this method, most of Nokia monopoly stores can acquire the ability of direct supply which ensure its good post-sale service. . Promotion Promotion was done by Nokia to increase sales and their publicity. For instance, Nokia offered precious gifts such as get a chance to win Yamaha bikes and Toyota Vios. This is to attract consumers to purchase Nokia mobile phone. During festival such as Chinese New Year, Deepavali, Hari Raya, Nokia will always hold a forwardings. In advertising part, there are printed advertisements used by the company to promote their products. There are newspaper, magazines, brochures, TV, radio, website banners, billboards and others.In the advertisement, the Company always emphasizes their well-known motto connecting people to build relationships, to bring people together, to collaborate and communicate. Nokia invites famous actors to become spoke persons of the products. This will attract more buyers because many people will support their idol. Retailers and mobile phone operators generally carried out sales promotion for Nokias devices. Nokia promotes the product to retailers such as Carphone Warehouse, then they promote to consumers.Sometimes they can be joint promotions with a bank or credit tease company. Moreover, the mobile phone operators offer campaigns including mobile phone and phone line are the most popular way of promotions. Public relations as well as play an important role in the Nokias promotion strategies. The company supports financially some social programs such as educational activities, charities and accept being sponsorship for sports, musi c and television. Nokia has education, creative arts and civic engagement programs in 57 countries.These kind of social relations make Nokia more attractive in the mind of consumers to ensure positive opinions about the company. Social media is the fastest, easiest and most cost effective ways of publishing news for a global earshot in highly visible way. Nokia have creates and use Facebook Fan Page, Youtube videos to pass the messages to a wider audience. For instance, Nokia N9 is one of the products that have been promoted. It shows functions and strength of Nokia N9 with innovative way and with a suitable music to draw attention of potential buyers.

Everyday Use Essay

frequent Use is a highly symbolic tosh with manifold paper themes and interpretations. It not solely locates difference that existed within the Afri screw-American community and presents bearing in relation to modern and traditional concept of black inheritance yet it further takes into account the womens liberationist themes and agendas. It is a representative story of Black movement of 1960s but it does not manifest the Afro-American quest for socio-cultural individualism like other Black Movement literature. The profound conflict is symbolized by two main characters Mrs.Johnson and Dee. Dee is an image of shallow philistinism and an adherent of prevailing concept of heritage where heritage is revered only for trendiness and aesthetic attraction whereas Mrs. Johnson admires heritage for its practical utility and personal importance. important conflict is between Maggie and Dee and it is about whether legacy and heritage subsists in property or in spirit. Dees longing f or heritage is for ostentatious reasons. modern periodical necessities make her cherish and celebrate her Afro-American heritage. But Mrs.Johnson and Maggie withstand learnt to live with their heritage. Dee is captivated by the beauty of grind top and treasured to train it to be used as centerpiece for her alcove hedge whereas Mrs. Johnson has used it practically for churn butter hitherto. stroller utilizes the butter churn to demonstrate Mrs. Johnsons intrinsic understanding(a) of heritage. When Dee finished wrapping the dasher the clutch stuck out. I took it for a moment in my hands. You didnt even have to look close to see where hands pushing the dasher up and work through to make butter had left a kind of sink in the wood.In fact, there were a lot of small sinks you could see where thumbs and fingers had drop d make into the wood. It was a beautiful light yellow wood, from a tree that grew in the yard where Big Dee and Stash had lived. (Walker, Everyday Use use varlet number from your textbook) The narration of the story is in first-person where everything is reported and understood through the lenses of Mrs. Johnson. Her observation is astute as she provides minute details about the actions of her daughters. Alice Walker has introduced various symbols and figurative language to communicate some thematic ruminations.The conflict of heritage becomes more evident as well as overcritical as the quilts are brought in the story. It signifies the procedure from which the insignificant and worthless may be changed into the valued and functional. The development of Dee into Wangero shows various facets and phases through which black identity passed during late 1960s and 1970s. Predilection for appearance as compared with spirit remained authentication of this era and this trend is manifested through Dees transformation into Wangero. Social standing of fe anthropoids was a favorite subject to the writers at the start of 20th century. friendship was do minated by patriarchy, male chauvinism and supremacy whereas women were perceived as fragile and dependant. Every Day Use is a thematic expression of feminism and manifests it at various levels and in various orientations. It also revolves somewhat the same theme which was basically about their feminist struggles. In Everyday Use, Alice juxtaposes the female character against the pathos and miseries of life and demonstrates their strong result and mental capacity to stand against those hardships. They are subservient to any male character and do not needs their companionship.Hence Alice augments their characterization by inculcating a female identity. Although womens lib stands for women to have the same status as men in the society but Alice exhibits another manifestation of Feminism i. e. not a wish to have equal status but a practical demonstration to contribute equally to the socio-cultural milieu of the time. Dee is an epitome of shallow materialistic feminism and an adhere nt of prevailing concept of feminism that believes in things and materialistic feministic achievements whereas Mrs. Johnson looks at the spirit of feminism and contributes toward it at her own level.She raises up two daughters by her own. This implies she has already taken the position of a father. These kinds of female have the ability to make their own decisions and have license of thought and actions. The mother even shows how useful and strong a cleaning lady is. In the story, Alice Walker pointed out that the mother is a large, big-boned charr with rough, man-working hands. So Everyday Use is not a genuine feministic wish to acquire equal status and should be considered and treated on equal terms but it is a practical manifestation of this feminist thought and ideology.Overall, Walker has invited us start living with our heritage instead of merely cherishing it. She further wants us to search our roots in the American soil instead of locating it on other continents. This st ory has eternalized the Afro-American themes in particular and feminist theme in general. The characteristic that makes the story universal and eternal is symbolic representation f the above-mentioned themes. It can be read and interpreted in various ways and at various levels.

Promote Equality Essay

Promote decentity, Diversity and cellular comprehension in Work with tiddlerren and Young People 1.1 Identify the current decree and codes of employ relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity The current codes of practice relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity are as follows- exclusively Child Matters 2003 and Children Act 2004 updated in 2010 Help Children Achieve More Organisations and agencies gnarly with children between birth and 19 years should ensure children to be Safe, Healthy, wassail and Achieve, Economic well-being and Positive contribution.Equality Act 2010 Anti-discrimination legislation. To reinforce inclusion of any child regardless of disability or race. SEN code of confide 2001- The Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001. Strengthened the rights of parents and SEN children to a main stream education. Human Rights Act 1998 Highlighted the principle that all human race have the same rights an d should be hardened equally. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 leads on from the Human Rights Act and sets surface the rights of all children to be treated equally and fairly and without discrimination.1.2 Explain the importance of promoting the rights of all children and small concourse to participation and equality of access It is important to promote the rights of all children and new(a) adults to participation and equality of access for the reasons of- A. Human RightsAll children have a right to meditate and play together.Children should not be discriminated against for any reason. comprehension is concerned with improving schools for staff as well as pupils.B. Equal Opportunities in educationChildren do better in inclusive settings, twain academically and socially.Children should not need to be separated to achieve comely educational provision. Inclusive education is a more efficient drop of educational resources.C. Social OpportunitiesInclusion in ed ucation is one sentiment of inclusion in society. Children need to be involved and integrated with all of their peers.1.3 Explain the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people The benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity are that children will grow up in an environment which values cultural diversity and enables us to learn from one another. Children will also become used to finding out about other cultures and beliefs from an early age. In this way they will not grow up thinking that their own culture is the same as everyone elses. Children from all backgrounds need to know that their culture and status is valued to inspection and repair them feel settled and secure. This then contributes to their being able to learn. If they feel obscure or anxious, it is more likely that learning will be strong for them.

Save the Planet Earth

Our planet is in great danger. For the last one hundred or so days, the citizenry of earth have fling offd and mis apply the lavatorycel recourses of earth. Several plans have been developed to stop the abuse of earth. some(a) of these plans I will discuss in this essay, many of which can be penalise by any one. Environmental problems have become so Byzantine that many individuals feel they can have no effect on them.Problems equal oil spills, hazardous waste, loss of rain forests, endangered species, acidulated rain, the ozone layer, the municipal waste crisis can feel out of our control. At the truly least, these problems require group and corporate action or government intervention. However, there atomic number 18 some things the individual can control. Our waste reduction and cycle activities can take away a difference. Thats why so many communities began uncoerced recycling programs.There are some household items that are dangerous if they are just thrown away wit h the regular garbage these items can misemploy the environment and injure plant and animal flavor some of these may implicate moth balls, spot removers, aerosol cans, fluorescent light tubes and shoe polish. Your topical anesthetic waste management agency has information on how to properly slash of these items.A compost bin may be set up in your yard. Compost bins return plant and some food materials to the soil by dint of decomposition so it can be used as a natural soil join onitive, called compost. Compost improves soil texture, increases the ability of soil to seize oxygen and water. Compost also suppresses weed growth and reduces the imply to add chemicals and pesticides to plants, which may be perverting to the environment.Keeping reuse bens in the kitchen may suspensor to stop people from accidentally throwing into the trash an item that could have been recycled. Some recyclable items include glass, piece, and some types of mettle. You want to be sure that glas s, paper and mettle are all separated into different bins. Once these bins are full of recyclable materials they can be given to your local recycle center.solar panels are a series of mirrors that transform sunlight into solar energy. Solar energy can help heat water and power office appliances. Solar energy is a great source of clean, non-polluting energy.The home is non the only place wear people can pitch in and help the environment. School playgrounds can use recyclable materials for play equipment and to gain the play ground safe for the children. Old rubber tires can be make into a recreation area where kids can crawl in and out. Sports coaches may also use old tires, by having the kids run through them, to test the kids stamina and agility. Jungle gyms, slides and swing sets can be made from recycled mettles.The school and public libraries are great examples of the reuse of materials. Books can be barrowed, read and returned instead of either one who wants to read a rea l book going and purchasing a copy. The reuse of these books ransoms thousands of trees that would be used to make copies of books. The library also offers computers that can be used for research, by using the meshwork, by taping the local or global newsprint web sights and other research centers around the world. Receiving information through the Internet saves paper and energy consumption is reduced.By taking school buses or auto pools to school instead of individual vehicles, students can non only save fuel but also reduce both traffic and institutionalize pollution. People may also try to invest in electronic vehicles, which do not pollute. People should make sure to keep livelihood up on their vehicles to prevent unnecessary toxins from entering the environment.The idea of a landfill is a great one, but it wont work if people continue to believe it is a place for all trash. A landfill is a big divot dug out of the earth for garbage disposal.We need to make sure we dont p ut chemicals or non-biodegradable substances into these landfills because they are harmful to plants and animals, they may also contaminate our drinking water. A few of these chemicals include antifreeze, insecticide, batteries and Styrofoam, for proper disposal of these items contact your local waste management agency.You can help save natural resources by taking your old holding that are no longer needed to a second gift workshop or the salvation Army. A second hand store is a place where people can purchase donated items at a cheaper price than if they were to buy it brand new. The buyback Army is much like a second hand store, but the items are free. Most items run aground at a second hand store or The Salvation Army are articles of clothing. The benefit to donating old items is that when people find what they need at a second hand store or The Salvation Army fewer items are manufactured which means you are prudence natural recourses.We can help, over the last twenty to t hirty years we have been trying every thing in our power to follow energy and natural resources, many plans have been developed as to what should be done all of which are very good ones. The problem with these plans is that not every one contributes to the efforts to reduce pollution and waste, in fact most of the people I know believe recycling is a waste of time and they by them selves cannot make the difference.In some cases, I have make myself questioning my efforts. However, it is still important that we dont quit. If only every one in every home would decide to do their start up and help to keep our air clean, our water unpolluted and our wild life safe. The Earth is our home and we need to protect it.

Unbranded to Branded

Eyewear market in India remains buoyant contempt recession Despite the economic crisis, the eyewear market in India as a whole displayed healthy growing in volume gross revenue in 2009, while growth in its value gross revenue slowed marginally relational to 2008. The demand for premium lenses, frames and sunglasses slowed more than that of the low-price and economy segments, so at that place was an overall slow-down of growth in value sales at the sack of review period. Spectacles still preferred over affaire lensesWhile marketers of tactual sensation lenses made an aggressive push into the Indian consumer market, especially the young prominent segment, the mass market continued to favour spectacles over contact lenses. The two factors that have kept the level and growth rate of sales of contact lenses below those of spectacles are concerns about their use and their price. The prescription medicine market remains biased in favour of spectacles and opticians seldom prescribe contact lenses unless the patient specifically requests them.Direct imports keep market altogether fragmented Retail shelves across the country are full of merchandise spectacle frames and sunglasses. These low-priced imports played an important role in sustaining demand, especially for sunglasses, whose sales enjoyed the highest growth of any subsector in 2009, as they had in 2008. These imports have as well as kept the spectacles market entirely fragmented, with only eight companies dimension even a 1% share of retail sales in Indian eyewear market. Chained specialists enjoy significant growthThe review period cut the growth of several chained specialist retailers, such as monster Eye+, GKB Opticals and Vision Care. Titan Eye+ has been a game modifier gene in that it has modernised the retail sector and forced others to follow suit. In order to remain competitive, opticians feel compelled to increase their ranges of frames, offer eye-testing services and enthrall contact le nses as well. Reliances Vision Express is another(prenominal) large player that is likely to influence marketing and distribution in the years to come.Chained specialists are also able to negotiate better deals with suppliers, assure promotions, offer better prices to customers, and provide greater visibility for new products and launches. beg for spectacles expected to continue driving retail sales of eyewear The prescription market is expected to continue to drive demand in the approximate period, as literacy rates increase, more children become prospective wearers of spectacles, and economic growth sustains the increase in purchasing power.

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity of Golden Apple Snail, Pomacea Canaliculata

ABSTRACT transmissibles is a trend these age especi each(prenominal)y that, desoxyribonucleic acid barcoding has been developed. desoxyribonucleic acid barcoding is an important tool in categorizing the taxa of polar species and it tells so much about the species traits, including agenttic salmagundi. The Pomacea piece of assaliculata was introduced in unalike move of Asia and had been an invasive species and a pest in several(a) ecosystems ever since the instauration. In concord this species of garners, s angstrom unitles were quiet, desoxyribonucleic acids were extracted, underg integrity PCR and electrophoresis, and was timed and analyzed.The analysis was qualitative In the Philippines bit quantitative in China. In the Philippines, the cytochrome oxidase fractional monetary unit 1 (COI) ingredients was apply and comp bed among the species accumulate and when it was aged, it showed differences collectible to localized gap, mismatch and non-correspondence of ba ses. And in China, the diversity was analyzed by means of Neis agent diversity, Shannons culture index, percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) an AMOVA anlysis. Both the quantitative and qualitative showed that in that respect was diversification in spite of appearance and among the populations of these snails.INTRODUCTION transmittables is the reflect of the genes, and the heredity and pas seul of individuals. Understanding the genome, which is the complete set of chromo both(prenominal)s or the entire ge nonype of an individual, is important because it helps in the taxonomy of species, especi on the wholey nowadays wherein advancements in science take ons to a greater extent specific culture, and that basing on morphological features is not equal. Life is specified by genomes which contain on the whole the biological information which is encoded in its deoxyribonucleic acid ( deoxyribonucleic acid) and divided into units or the genes.The genes ar the blueprint for lif e sendence because it is the particulate determiner of hereditary traits. Hence, DNA barcoding became a trend for scientists and researchers for the fancying of the disparate variations in the traits of varied organisms. The golden apple snails (Pomacea contributealiculata) originated from the South America, commutation America, the West Indies and the Southern USA (Pain 1972) and was spread in the past decades to the different parts of Southeast Asia, namely Philippines, China, Thailand, Cambodia, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Japan.The introduction of the P. canaliculata without prior studies caused damages to the different plants and it became an invasive species which resulted to becoming pests to humans and competitors to opposite local snails, ex vitamin Ale of which be those from the genus Pili. The P. canaliculata was observed to transcend by dint of different growth and reproduction in different parts of Asia, to sterilizeher with their external characteristics ascriba ble to the different habitats and environmental conditions (Keawjam, 1986 and 1987), and then there is the possibility to misidentify two sympatric species as one.On the other hand allopatric populations inhabiting different habitats may show ecomorphological variations and questionable species perspective and it was likewise suggested that the golden apple snails had uplifted adaptability hence it was easier for them to form invigorated populations (Dong et al. 2011). The understanding of the genomes of different species is a trend for scientists these days but the information about the different mollusks is still limited. The basic information on the add up of species and/or population is of help for conservation programs (Carvalho and Hauser, 1994) and for building appropriate attention schemes.In contribution, the studies aims argon to evaluate the patrimonial diversity of the golden apple snail population in Asia, namely, Philippines and China via molecularly character izing the P. canaliculata and to find different ways of analyzing the gather data from the sequenced DNA of the said species. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE hereditary diversity (Reed 2005) The significance of inherited diversity arose from two necessities genetic diversity is required for populations to evolve in response to environmental changes and heterozygosity levels ar conjugated beamly to reduce population seaworthiness via inbreeding depression.The amount of genetic variation a population contains is predicted to correlate with current fitness and, in the encase of heritabilities (which can remain high or even increase notwithstanding severe lessenings in population size) with evolutionary potential. This correlation amid fitness and levels of genetic variation, however, may be weak or nonexistent due to the neutrality of molecular scars used in estimating heterozygosity, nonadditive genetic variation and the purging of deleterious alleles because of increased sel ection against homozygotes.There is a body of literature that suggests that allozyme heterozygosity is a good measure of population fitness and adaptive potential. Others caution though that such molecular genetic data widely distributedly reflect plainly a small portion of genome and thus may not be indicator of adaptive genetic differences. alone molecular scores may be useful for assessing the extent of genetic drift. Moreover, deleterious alleles, in mutation-selection balance, are responsible for(p) for at least half of the genetic variation in fitness.Selection has the drift to purge the population of the deleterious recessive alleles which in theory creates indwelling populations with a higher fitness than their outbreed progenitor. In other words, inbred populations with less(prenominal) genetic diversity would make believe higher fitness if the population is not kept small equal for a long enough to lead the fixation of deleterious alleles to occur. Fitness and f uture adaptability are reduced in smaller populations of plants and animals due to drift and inbreeding depression.Comm totally used surrogates for fitness such as heritabilities, heterozygosity, and population size, significantly correlate with fitness and explain 15-20 % of the variation in fitness. Correlations suggest that many populations have reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding depression and genetic drift. There is much fuss and tutelage thus, over genetic variation because of the fact that endangered species typically have lower levels of heterozygosity and the loss of adaptive genetic variation and inbreeding depression puts wildlife populations at an increased risk of extinction.Finally, this increase occurs as a result of the reduction of productive fitness because of inbreeding depression or due to the failure of trailing the change in abiotic and biotic environment of the population as a result of the loss of genetic variation through drift. DNA barcoding (Morit z & Cicero 2004) At the very core, the aspire of DNA barcoding is for large scale coating of one or a few reference genes in monastic order to assign unknown individuals to species and enhance discovery of refreshing species.In the hope of create a comprehensive database of sequences that will serve as a affinity tool to sequences from attemptd individuals, proponents used DNA barcoding. There is, however, nothing new with DNA barcoding as it is an offshoot of the use molecular markers for the very same purpose except, in DNA barcoding, there is an increased scale and proposed standardization. The selection of one or more reference genes characterizes standardization, with regards to microbial community and in concern large scale phylogenetic analyses if of proven value, though whether or not one gene fits all remain to be a question.Pre directly, most(prenominal) methods of DNA barcoding are tree- ground and can fall into two broadly outlined classes. One class is the distance-based, wherein it is based on the degree of DNA sequence variation within and between species. This strain of approach converts DNA sequences into genetic distances and then uses these distances to establish appointment schemes. It further defines a comparison verge below which a DNA barcode is assigned to a known or a new species. There is also the mention by some(prenominal)(prenominal) authors of a barcoding gap, a distance-gap between intra- and interspecies sequences, for species identification.However, the distance-based approach seems to be ill suited as a general means for species identification and the discovery of new species. One reason is that substitution rates of mitochondrion DNA vary between and within species and between different groups of species. The change substitution rates can result in broad overlaps of intra- and interspecific distances, and hinder the accurate assignment of query sequences. Another class which is the monophyly-based requires t he convalescence of species as clear-cut clades (monophyly) on a phylogenetic tree and is used to assign unknown taxa to a known or new species.Similarly, some issues complicate the use of monophyly in a barcoding framework. For example, the long-recognized problem of incomplete gillyflower sorting will yield gene genealogies that may differ in topology from locus to locus. The deep divergent taxa may not be reciprocally monophyletic due to lack of time needed to coalesce. In addition, the gene trees are not necessarily congruent with species trees, and the monophyly, while a discrete criterion is arbitrary with respect to taxonomic level.Moreover, there is a recently applied new technique that has been proposed as an alternative to tree-based approaches for DNA barcoding, the so called character-based DNA barcode method, which is based on the fundamental concept that members of a tending(p) taxonomic group share attributes that are absent from comparable groups. It is the kind of method that characterizes species through a unique combination of diagnostic characters earlier than genetic distances. The four standard nucleotides (A,T,C,G) if found in fixed states in one species can be used as diagnostics for identifying that species.This way, species boundaries can be defined by a diagnostic set of characters which can be increased to any level of resolution by applying duplex genes. Presently, character-based DNA barcode method has been proved useful for species identification and discovery of several taxa. In the view that single-gene sequence should be the immemorial identifier of species, a line of reasoning arises that if that is the case then therell be a real need to connect different life history stages and increase the precision and cogency of field studies involving diverse and difficult-to-identify taxa.Although the DNA barcoding community has put emphasis on the importance of large sequence database within the existing framework and hold of systematics, it should be bore in mind that DNA barcoding is not the primary answer in resolving the tree of life. Furthermore, as much as the term DNA barcoding appealing, it implies, however, that each species has a fixed and invariant characteristic. But this kind of implication renders unrest to the minds of evolutionary biologists.In evaluating thus, the promise and pitfall of DNA barcoding, two areas of application should be distinguished the molecular diagnostics of individuals relation back to described taxa and DNA-led discovery of new species. And although there is little doubt that large-scale and standardized sequencing, when integrated with existing taxonomic practice, can contribute significantly to the challenges of identifying individuals and increasing the rate of discovering biological diversity as presented by this study, the general utility of DNA barcoding still requires further scrutiny.PCR (Moore 2005) In quickly write a selected template sequence from a DNA mixture in vitro, PCR offers a wide range of applications such as sequence sensing and isolation for research, forensics and species identification through the PCR itself and in combination with other techniques. PCRs new technique uses flourescent probes to monitor the amounted product at end of every rhythm method and PCR machines look for the cycle at which the can readily detect flourescence.PCR is also cosmos used to monitor RNA through the addition of invert transcriptase enzyme at the beginning to generate DNA template. In addition, there are now new applications of PCR like single nucleotide pleomorphism detection and screening. Cytochrome Oxydase subunit 1 (COI) (Buhay 2009) COI plays a significant role in documenting biodiversity and remains to be the choice for phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. COI is a mitochondrial protein-coding gene which is a widely accepted marker for molecular identification across diverse taxa.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) have a com paratively fast mutation rate, thus they result in significant differences between species. With respect to this, the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene with 700bp was proposed to be a potential barcode or marker for molecular identification across respective(a) taxa. Furthermore, COI is a protein coding gene that has an open reading frame and in thecase of barcoding, COI can be passing divergent from the actual COI sequences which may cause major problems because species identification is based on sequence similarity.Pomacea canaliculata (Cowie 2002) The Pomacea canaliculata belongs to the family Ampullariidae. Its structure appears to have a slight dimorphism in shape of aperture and operculum. Females have broader mouth and concave operculum while convex in male. In terms of reproduction, oviposition often takes backside at night or at early morning or evening about 24 hrs after copulation up to two weeks after mating (occurs common chord times per week) which occurs anytime of the day or night although there may be some diurnal rhythm.On each oviposition occasion a single keep is laid of highly variable egg number. Moreover, the interval among successive ovipositions for p. canaliculata has been report to be about five days and hatching generally takes place about two weeks after oviposition. The P. canaliculata breeds only during summer and grows into maturity in less than two months. P. canaliculata is said to be prolific and hence has rapid succession of generations which leads to rapid population expansion.They relatively inhabit still irrigate and in water system temperatures above 32 degree Celsius, it has been observed that the mortality rate of p. canaliculata is high. Whereas in low temperature p. canaliculata can survive 15-20 days at 0 degree Celsius, 2 days at -3 degree Celsius but only 6 hrs at -6 degree Celsius. And it is sufficiently tolerant of sea water to survive long enough to be carried by currents from one watercourse mouth to another, thereby expanding its distribution. P. canaliculata shows preferences among forage plants.Its rate of growth has a direct correlation with its feeding on the preferred plant. Moreover, it is able to detect its food plants from some distance using chemical cues in the water. P. canaliculata, however, appears to be relatively generalist and indiscriminate that it is viewed to be particularly voracious compared to other Ampullariids. methodology Sampling Snail samples were identified and collected from 2 countries in Asia, specifically in the Philippines and in China, where the P. canaliculata was introduced. In the Philippines Los Banos (Dong et al. 011, p. 1778), 2 barangays in Tarlac (Brgy. Cabayaoasan, Paniqui and Brgy. Pance, Ramos) and Iloilo (Chichoco & Patdu 2012, p13), 44 snail samples were collected. And in China, specifically from Yuyao and Taizhou in Zhejiang province, Fuzhou in Fujian province, Guangzhou in Guangdong province, Nanning in Guangxi province, Kunming in Yunnan province, wherein a total of 120 samples were identified with the conserved sequence by Matsukura et al. (2008) and Pan et al. (2009) and then was collected (Dong et al. 2011, p. 1778).The snails were then stored, either by wrapping in paper, freezing or preserving it in ethanol, and brought into the respective labs in each country for the next steps DNA rootage, PCR, electrophoresis and sequencing. DNA extraction The two studies used the phenol-chloroform method (Bergallo et al. 2006) with an alternative of the Qiagens Dneasy extraction kit for China. The DNA concentration was determined spectrophotometrically and adjusted by a mini-gel method (Maniatis et al. , 1982) when the extracted DNA was enough, it was stored at 4oC to -20oC until needed. PCR and ElectrophoresisThe PCR method was basically done by choosing the right primers that will yield clearly reproduced bands and they tested the proper amounts and involution effects of the component s of PCR, which were the Mg2+, dNTPs, DNA templates and polymerase, and the primers. After the mixture of the components and the DNA extracted, it was carried out in the thermocycler programmed for pre-denaturing at 94C for 3 min, followed by 26 cycles of 94C for 10-30s, 36-52C for 30-45s, extension of 65-72C for 60-90s, and the final extension for 5-7mins at 72C for final extension with 38-48 cycles.After which, the amplified products together with negative controls were run in electrophoresis to be separated and tested for contaminations, respectively. The products were then purified subsequently on with the respective kits present in each lab. In the Philippines, the reception was done with 2? L MgCl2, 5? L PCR buffer, 1? L dNTP, 2. 5 ? L of the primers, which were the LCO1490 and HCO2198, distilled H2O with 22. 75 ? L, 0. 25 Taq, and 10 ? L Q-buffer. The electrophoresis was done after the ethidium bromide staining (Maniatis et al. , 1982), analyzed through 1. % agarose gels an d pictured under a transilluminator. In China, they made use of the ISSR-PCR analysis where they got four primers, which produced clearly reproduced bands, out of the 90 that was screened from the University of British Columbias primer set and the reactions were done with a volume of 20 ? l, containing 0. 2 mM of each dNTP, 1. 5 mM MgCl2, 0. 5 ? M primers, 1 U Taq polymerase and 10 ng DNA template, and also with the determination of the optimal reaction system of ISSR for P. canaliculata (Dong et al. 2011, p. 1779).The products sizes after the amplification was estimated using DNA marker DL2000 and then was run in electrophoresis, which was done on 6% polyacrylamide gels, visualized by silver staining and then photographed (Li et al. , 2009). Sequencing/ Data analysis Chichioco and Patdu (2012) sent the DNA samples to the First Base Laboratory in Singapore for sequencing and the results were sent back to the DNA barcoding Laboratory after a week. The COI sequences were aligned in t he BLAST, specifically the STADEN package version 1. 5. 3 and Bioedit Sequence Alignment editor in chief version 7. 0. 9. 0.Aside from the sequences sampled, other sequences and their haplotypes from the GenBank were also compared and matched. In Dongs (2011) research, he made use of the RAPD fragments by labeling them into binary matrices, used them to get the similarity index, Sxy = 2nxy / nx+ ny, where nx and ny represent the number of RAPD bands in individuals x and y, and nxy represents the number of shared bands between individuals, as stated by Nei and Li (1979), then averaging it across all the possible comparisons between individuals within a geographic sample to get the within samples similarity (Si).Between sample similarity corrected by within sample similarity Si and Sj of geographic samples i and j, respectively) is also calculate between pairs of individuals across samples i and j using the equation Sij = 1 + Sij (Si and Sj)/2. Genetic distance between paired sampl es was then reckon as Dij = 1- Sij (Lynch, 1990). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In the Philippines (Chichioco & Patdu 2012, p. 18-31) The collected samples from Brgy. Cabayaoasan were found in the elevated parts of a rice paddy, specifically, it was a muddy substrate with decaying leaves from the rice plants and surrounding trees while those that was found in Brgy.Pance was in the muddy bottom of the shallow fish pond in the roots of water lilies and grasses. The samples from the two barangays in Tarlac and Iloilo had relatively different colors and sizes. Those that were collected from Brgy. Cabayaoasan had the largest size and they are colored black while those in Brgy. Pance had brown in color and still, those in Iloilo had very small surface specimens and some of the specimens can be mistaken as Pila conica snails if not examined properly. Primers affect the amplification success greatly, since according to Hajibabaei (2005) a 95% success is necessary for barcoding.The primers LC O1490 (SENSE) and HCO2198 are generally used for the amplification of forward and reverse fragments from COI genes. The DNA samples were subjected to the PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE), and they produced single discrete bands that suggest that the fragments were homogenous and borrow and end at the same point (Reece 2004). The bands that were brighter and distinct are more appropriate for sequencing because it means that the DNA fragments were well amplified. The best DNAs were chosen and forwarded to the First Base Laboratory in Singapore for sequencing.At the emergence of the results, other sequenced DNA barcodes were also collected and was aligned and compared with the Basic topical anesthetic Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) database. Fig 1. Alignment of the COI gene sequences of the Pomacea canaliculata (CPT1-5 from Brgy. Cabayaoasan, PRT 7,9,10 from Brgy. Pance, IICK & IIPC1,3 from Iloilo) from the Philippines using Bioedit Sequence Alignment and ClustalW multipl e Alignment (Chichioco & Patdu 2012, p. 26) By aligning the sequenced data, it can be seen that there are both similarities and differences among the genetic make-up of the samples.The differences are due to localized gap, mismatch and non-correspondence of bases along the COI fragments as pointed out in fig. 2 Fig 2. Comparisons of the COI sequences of the P. canaliculata samples from 35bp- 120bp (Chichioco & Patdu 2012, p. 28) As emphasized in fig. 2, on the 55bp-58bp, a sequence from CPT1 was observed having (5-AATT-3) while all the others have (5-GGTA-3). Even though this is a noticeable difference and could have been caused by mutation or variation, the difference is still low enough and less that 1% difference to be considered significant.But on the other hand, the PCa1 sample had 36 different base pairs compared with the others, which was 5. 5% difference and is high enough and can be considered significant since it is 4% divergent(Meyer and Paulay 2005). Then with a 98 % confidence, it could be said that PCa1 is from an independent evolutionary lineage and might express a divergence within or outside its population or might have occurred due to relationships and interactions among the other species.The introduction of the P. canaliculata to different places may have an effect on its intra- and interpopulation and might be why it has various genetic sequences although it goes against the theory that introduced species becomes a founding population in a new habitat thus they have a limited gene pool and as a consequence genetic drift, which removes disagreement since it affects all genes, and bottleneck might occur, which reduces the new species to have a reduced genetic diversity.To observe the genetic variability, the sequences collected were compared with those from GenBank with the use of the BLAST software. As a result from 81 COI barcodes and 55 haplotypes, the samples collected showed 99% and 100% similarities with the different haplotypes thus it showed that the species has a high diversity within the populations. The phylogeography within and among the species does not apply on the P. analiculata since intra- and interpopulation diversity was observed which was shown by the multiple introduction throughout the Philippines, hence the different times of the introduction contributed more to its diversity and it coincides with the migrant pool model that says that the introduced population acquires more genetic variability because of the multiple sources of genetically divergent populations as compared to that of the local species (Slatkin 1997, Sakal et al 2001). In China (Dong et al 2010) The chosen primers an norm of 124. bands, since they generated a total of 498 bands, which ranged from 150-2500bp and qualifies them for barcoding, as seen in table 1. Among the 140 individuals, 435 bands were polymorphic which was different for each primer. In table 2, Neis gene diversity (H) varied between 0. 2612 and 0. 3340, wit h an average of 0. 3044, and arranged in a descending order the populations, LB KM NN FZ TZ GZ YY while the Shannons information index (I) ranged from 0. 3910 to 0. 4856, with an average of 0. 4499.At the species level, the values of Neis and Shannons showed the same trend as that of PPB. AMOVA analysis showed that there are highly significant (P 0. 001) genetic differences among the seven populations of P. canaliculata. The genetic diversity was for the most part due to the differences within the population (92. 76%) while the rest was due to among populations. The analysis tells the same as that of the Neis and Shannons information, which says that there was a relatively high level of genetic differentiation among populations. CONCLUSIONGenetics of different species are studied by means of DNA barcoding, mostly of the COI gene in the mitochondria, to know the taxon of a species and to understand their trends and characteristics not only morphologically but also genetically . The diversity of a species can also be tested by means of DNA barcoding as seen in the study of the Pomacea canaliculata. The P. canaliculata was introduced in Asia for agrarian purposes and was seen for its benefits but not its drawbacks, which later on resulted to it being invasive and a pest for both humans and other species.To understand the P. canaliculata further, its diversity was studied by means of DNA barcoding and was analyzed both qualitatively and quantitatively in the Philippines and China, respectively. Both the analysis showed the same outcome, wherein the results showed high levels of genetic diversity among populations. Because invasive species tends to give a negative feedback to those species in the local area, it is important to understand these alien species and to know how diverse they are so that proper management of these species could be done. REFERENCES Barker, G.M. 2002. Molluscs as Crop Pests. UK CABI Publishing. (pp. 147-182) Buhay, Jennifer E. 2009. COI-like Sequences are Becoming Problematic in Molecular Systematic and DNA Barcoding Studies. diary of Crustacean Biology 29(1) 96110 Burns, George W. , Bottino, Paul J. 1989. The science of genetic science 6th ed. New York Macmillan Publishing Company. Chichioco, Monique Faye & Patdu, Edel Marie. 2012. DNA barcoding of Pomacea canaliculata and Pila conica using cytochrome c oxidase 1 (CO1) and small subunit (ssu) ribosomal (r) RNA barcodes (Undergraduate thesis).Main Library, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City. Cowie, R. H. 2002. Apple snails (Ampullariidae) as agricultural pests their biology, impacts and management. 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