SMS consolidates Essay Example for Free

SMS consolidates EssayToday SMS has become such a parkland mode of colloquy amongst youth peer groups that it has now become a mindset or norm amongst this young community and is no longer something that the youths even think nigh when using. 7 Of the 20 youths polled in our survey, 40% of the youths air between 5 and 10 SMS daily, and 20% send 15 or more SMS per day (Appendix 1, mannequin 1). The cause for the enormous popularity of SMS amongst the youths in Singapore is, firstly, due to the fact that this mechanism of sending and receiving messages costs less. Sending an SMS message costs only five cents with some organisations whirl users 500 free SMS messages a month. SMS is particularly suited for short messages like see you in the do-nothingteen at 2pm because SMS is much cheaper than calling some superstar and endowment the same message. Calling someone to give the same message would invariably take more time and thus more cost. Secondly, sending SMS helps to sa ve time, as it is an instantaneous form of communication. This is especially useful for youths in school, because very often they can only use their mobile phone in the strict constraints of miscarry times.Also, SMS provides a very convenient method of exchanging small bits of information between young mobile users. The convenience of leaving messages when the other party is unreachable is one of the pros of SMS. Using SMS, one can beget the message across even if they ar unable to contact their friends. This function of SMS allows youths to have greater accessibility to their friends, because its popularity. Thirdly, SMS allows the youth to feel more comfortable contacting people that they do not know very well because in contrast to voice communication, SMS is considered less personal. definite things that teens dare not say to another person face-to-face can be done on SMS. Where shyness used to prevent some from communicating their feelings, text messaging has fully opened t he gates. 10 Texting is considered less nerve-wracking and embarrassing than asking a girl for a date face-to-face. 10 Fourthly, at functional and emblematical levels, SMS allows youngsters to demonstrate that they are part of a social network and elevate their status within that network. The use of SMS consolidates a community of peers and allows them to differentiate themselves and their peers from others, such as adults.Within their small social networks, the use of particular words and symbols that are incorporated as SMS language also helps differentiate the networks through such common and tacit knowledge that is only shared by the community members. It provides a way of signifying group or community membership, as a way of print outsiders and giving the group a clearer identity. Among the reasons for the popularity of SMS, most of the youths polled indicated that the convenience of SMS is the most favourable outcome of SMS.Also the survey appearances that the greater access ibility to people and the time-saving factor are important outcomes of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 2). CONS OF SMS TO offspring As described above, SMS has gained popularity among the youths due to its many advantages. However, there are also cons of SMS to the youth. In our survey, most youths indicated that addiction to SMS and language work are uncomplimentary outcomes of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 3). Now we shall go on to explain in detail the cons of SMS. Firstly, SMS is helpful and convenient to the youths, and hence they are in danger of getting addicted to SMS.A stark nakeds report in London states that not finding a new message could be upsetting, especially for youngsters. 20 To them, receiving a message implied importance, boosted self-esteem, and knowledge that somebody cared and thought of them. 20 many a(prenominal) youngsters were paranoid and started worrying upon not receiving text messages. 20 Hence, they were constantly checking their mobile phones for new messag es. It is clear that SMS addiction can potentially lead to serious distraction for the youth, especially when they start to expect people to drop them messages all the time.Furthermore, SMS is also distracting for youths who are still schooling. They can send SMS when the lessons are being delivered, dividing their attention span between listening to the teacher or lecturer. Thus these youths are unable to concentrate in class. Since SMS addiction has such serious repercussions, we are interested to find out what the youths feel about it. One question in our survey seeks to establish if the youths themselves think they are and so hooked to it. The survey results (Appendix 1, Figure 4) show that 45% of the youths pooled stated that they are either addicted, or most probably addicted to SMS.A further 20% were neutral to the idea, and 35% indicated that they are either probably not addicted, or not addicted at all. These results are relatively close to one another, and hence not very conclusive. As such, we shall look at another question that asked what is the longest period they have gone without SMS. As high as 75% of the youths revealed that they have only gone without SMS for about 1 to 3 hours (Appendix 1, Figure 5). This time frame is rather small, and as such, we conclude that youths here do show some signs of being addicted to SMS.Secondly, just like the Internet, SMS has its side effects. Spam SMS is common nowadays as messages, especially jokes, are just forwarded blindly to anyone. Many parents worry that messages carrying fraudulent and pornographic content may harm their teenager children. However, from our survey, we learn that SMS spam is not ranked very highly as an unfavourable outcome of SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 3). This could be because messages with vulgar contents are relatively less common than jokes, and thus perhaps youths like the jokes sent, such that spam chiefly does not bother them.Thirdly, SMS serves as a threat to the youth relatio nship with their peers too. Misunderstanding and miscommunications can arise due to SMS. It is extremely difficult to discern smell in SMS, just as in email. What seems to the sender to be a completely innocuous message may be grossly misinterpreted by the recipient, make certain discomfort if not irreparable harm. Also, there might be occasions when they compose a message and sent it to the wrong person. If the message happens to be about the person that they sent to, their relationship would be soured.Finally, using SMS will also cause loss of verbal communication, and affect our language usage. These aspects lead to stronger implications on the youths, and as such, they will be discussed in further details in the following section, which explain the social impacts of SMS on youths. THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF SMS ON YOUTH After ascertaining the reasons on why SMS is so popular, and the cons of SMS, we shall now focus on the social impact of SMS on youths. Firstly, one important social impact that SMS has on the youths is that it has altered the way of life of communication among the youths.Nowadays, some of them rely more on SMS than verbal communication. Indeed, this trend is shown through our survey 70% of the youths polled prefer SMS to verbal communication (Appendix 1, Figure 6). As briefly mentioned under the cons of SMS, this has serious implications as the loss of verbal communication could cause youths to become shy, and be unable to express themselves effectively in future. In many situations too, one is relatively more comfortable sending a message via SMS than talking over the phone.Hence, SMS is seen as an easier method to get certain messages across such as breaking up with a girlfriend. This could be why young people breaking up via SMS is common. Furthermore, SMS has altered the means of communication by decreasing physical interaction among youths with people around them. Though due to its many advantages, SMS helps youths keep in touch with a greater number of people, this form of interaction be lose out in significance to the traditional form of meeting up and chatting with friends.This could have an important long-term effect on culture, interaction and attitudes of the youth within society. In addition, another way of how SMS has altered the means of communication is that, unlike in the past, arranging an childs play beforehand is no longer needed, as SMS is instantaneous. People are now no longer as difficult to reach as before, and so a simple SMS message is often enough to arrange a physical meeting and night out with friends. Secondly, another social impact that SMS has on the youths is that there is now a change of language among the young SMS users.Due to the inherent limitations of 160 characters per SMS, there is a need for abbreviations or short-forms to save space, so as to squeeze as many ideas as possible in one single SMS. Sending messages like See you tonight at 830pm could be replaced by c u tonite, 8 30. Spelling out the entire word would take up more spaces such that more than one message would need to be sent, increasing the cost of sending. Hence short-forms have evolved to make SMS more efficient, less time consuming and cheaper. From our survey, we can conclude that 90% of those polled use short-forms in their SMS (Appendix 1, Figure 7).Hence, we can infer that SMS encourages a certain inventiveness to a language, 16 because the youths make use of abbreviations and smileys to maximise space, and to express emotions. As such, SMS is sometimes seen as a new language to youth culture. 16 Now, the word exercises that the youths use, are increasingly being understood by other users. 16 As briefly mentioned under the cons of SMS, the form of language manipulation due to SMS usage has a detrimental effect on language as too many short-forms are used.Dr. Cynthia McVey, a psychology lecturer at Glasgow Caledonian University, summed this up very well, Texting was second nature to a generation of young people. They do not write letters, so sitting down to write or type an essay is unusual and difficult. They revert to what they feel comfortable with. Texting is attractive and uncomplicated. 12 Hence some youths even unconsciously carry on with the usage of short-forms in their daily schoolwork, not only irritating their teachers, but also causing themselves to lose marks.

Persuasive Bullying Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Bullying moveThis article is a practical help for you in your cogent hector sample writing. In order to write a good persuasive bullyrag essay, you have to become determine with the fact what the bullying is and how badly it influences the people. The definition of the notion of bullying is as follows bullying is an open aggression towards a person or towards a group of people by the other person or a group of people.There are so many kinds of bullying, however, we are going to deal with the bullying, which is taking place in the colleges and other higher educational establishments because of this problem is too sharp in this very field nowadays. In order to write a professional persuasive bullying essay you have to write it from the prism of psychology. That is why be ready to investigate and analyze a lot while your persuasive bullying essay writing. A Topic Addressing a Common Occurrence Bullying Essays Need Novel and Fresh PerspectivesHave you ever been bulli ed? Have you ever bullied mortal? Sometimes what we think as simple teasing may amount to bullying in the eyes and the minds of someone with a sensitive mind. Therefore, this is a universal go throughrence which has repercussions which most of us may not foresee. Writing a bullying essay, can contain the feelings you had when either being bullied or bullying someone. On the other hand, it could be about the repercussions as mental trauma undergone by the victims.There are many ways in which to write this essay. However, firstly, we need to see what bullying is. Defining Bullying Bullying is behaviour where one individual who is usually physically bigger act obnoxiously, annoying and physically and mentally move another individual. Most oftentimes bullying comes from people who are either lacking in social skills or some form of personal sorrow or a complex. Bullying is most common in young children.There are many instances where a small made child is often bullied by bigger an d aggressive children. But we also see adults resorting to bullying younger children or more timid individuals. Write a Bullying Essay Which Address this Social Bane The Dire Repercussions of Bullying can be addressed in a Bullying Essay Bullying is something which can occur in many places. Bullying will begin mainly in schools, beginning at the age of ten or twelve. However, it is something which many people do regardless of age as well.This extends the habit to colleges, work place and even home. Writing a bullying essay will educate you and others on the repercussions of bullying. Your essay on bullying can be handled in various ways. If you wish, you will be able to concentrate on the repercussions of being bullied, especially once its carried too far, how to stop bullying, and the reasons for bullying. Make sure that you develop a proper essay layout and plan what part of bullying you will concentrate on in your essay.

Context and History of Conflict Paper Essay Example for Free

Context and History of Conflict Paper EssayThis essay will discuss the issues among two people, Robert and Denise Patton, along with how these issues mend their two churlren. To enable an understanding of the problem a summary of the nature and history of the skirmish has been given. In addition, a feeling at the interaction of interests, goals, and the strength of each party allows an understanding of each persons jell and role in the divergence as well as personal attempts at resolution of the problem. In tempting to resolve this conflict in that location will be strategies discussed which, if Robert and Denise are willing to apply, could help them resolve the conflicts that they are facing in their uniting. Summary of the Nature and History of the ConflictThe Patton Family case study has different types of conflict inside it. The summary of the conflict starting with the family dynamic gives a look of what is happening with the family from an outsider looking inwa rd. To an outsider the family is in shambles they fight regularly, and it seems that the parents have concern about one child only. In the beginning, the parents were happy they both(prenominal) were on a path that looked successful.They both were in college and had great jobs aft(prenominal) college. Once they started a family things changed for the couple. The mother wanted to be a part of the childrens lives more, so she quit her job and found another that worked with her schedule. The parents fought frequently about the youngest child and how to parent him. Since the parents were not getting along for a while the hubby finally had complete. He decided to leave the house and tell his wife he wants a divorce.The husband and wife blame each other for the failed marriage, and the youngest child blames himself for his fathers leaving. Without an apology or other form of resolution, the trust on both sides is compromised, and may not hunch forward what to search from this person in the future (Scott, 2011 p. 2). When the father left he never sat down with his children or wife to explain why it had come to this. The father finally had enough with his wife, but he did not explain his reasoning. Context of ConflictThe context of the conflict is that two parents have separated after a long marriage resulting from arising conflicts in the marriage. The couple hastwo children one who is almost an adult, and the other is a young child who seems to have trouble with his energy at home and at school. The conflict started to occur more frequently and more harshly as their second child started having problems in school. One parent, the mother, believes that there is something wrong with him and that he requires finical oversight with him all the time.A child with these kinds of behaviors would become costly and would require significant attention. The other parent believes that his son is just spoiled and requires normal attention and discipline. He further believe s that these luxuries have left his son vulnerable with a lack of awareness for his surroundings. Whether or not the parents are splitting, they were a team problematic to provide for their two children. When managing conflicts, collectivist cultures place more emphasis on the avoidance and accommodation of conflicts be give collectivists value harmony, security, and conformity (Hong, 2008). Interactions of Interests, Goals, and PowerThe interests, goals, and power of both parents are that they cannot stand each other and need space in to function. One believes that he does not receive enough attention from his family and wife, and that they show no gratitude for his hard work. He has been working for many years and has primarily been the sole wage-earner in the family. The wife feels that her family does not appreciate her. She feels that she has lost her active role in the environment of her oldest child and husband. Her focus has been her young son who has been having these tr oubles at school and home. This amount of pressure has shut her out of everyones world except her son, who does not know what is going between the two split parents. According to the text the conflict above may be substituting for intimacy and connection, or it may wait on as a launching pad for problem figure out (Hocker Wilmot, 2011). Attempts Made at Conflict ResolutionThere are competing family goals regarding Arnie (Wilmot Hocker, 2011). Robert believes lack of discipline is the cause and wants Arnie to be held accountable whereas Denise believes there is a neurological basis and believes Arnie should be tested and treated according to his perceived needs. Though both parents have verbalised ideas for dealing with the problem they have not agreed on a method, nor given significant consideration to the others opinion in this matter. The conflict has evolved and in the process a couple of resolution tactics have been used. Early in the conflict, aggression and competition we re used, with each attempting to use power of position as a tool to win the battle. Rob made the money and determined it would not be used for mental health treatment Denise was main(a) care-giver and as such was responsible for seeing that Arnies needs were met.Screaming matches to coerce the other into submission failed and eventually gave way to avoidance (Wilmot Hocker, 2011). Withdrawal from the conflict equated to withdrawal from the relationship as the couple slept apart and ceased communication (Wilmot Hocker, 2011). The interactions that did take place were interpreted based upon past events, setting the paradigm for what each could expect from the other, likely feeding into rather than helping to resolve the conflict (Coltri, 2010). Roberts final act of avoidance was for self- cheerion he moved out to protect himself from further emotional harm (Wilmot Hocker, 2011). Personal Initial Reactions or Strategies for Resolving this Conflict Personal Initial ReactionThe initi al reaction to the conflict between Robert and Denise is that they should agree to intermediation as a mean of solving their disagreement. Denise relies on Robert for complete financial support for their family. The problem here is Denise does not want to work because of their sons neurological condition. Robert believes differently about Denise not wanting to work and feels that Denise is using Arnies condition as an excuse. Robert and Denise seek legal book of facts, after Robert leaves the home. Strategy for Resolving this ConflictLegal consultation has it advantage but mediation would be better in this situation. Most lawyers discuss with clients if they should choose mediation based on their situations. Mediation would give the couple the opportunity to explain their side of the situation in privacy. Attorneys are contacted for legal advice but mediation is for solving issues and helping the couple to make the right decision. An attorney represents only the client who has reta ined his or her service and not for solving theproblems. A mediator has a neutral part and only help in resolving the issues.Mediation taken place in courts is not private and the judge makes decision on the case. In the case of Robert and Denise, mediation would allow them to decide the outcome. The best thing for Robert and Denise is to have a mediator presence to help settle property, child support, and irons issues. According to Divorceinfo (2013) The mediator remains neutral between the husband and the wife. That means the mediator cant give advice to either party, and also cant act as a lawyer for either party. ConclusionRobert and Denise Patton seek legal consultation as a mean of finding ways of settling their conflicts. Legal consultation provides the couple with advice on the best avenue to take in solving their problems. Once the two meet with their lawyer, the couple is told if they should have a mediator there with his or her lawyer. Mediators do not represent either o f the couple, only the individuals lawyers do.

Role of Dietary Intervention in Ameliorating Disability

routine of dietetical Intervention in Ameliorating DisabilityThe Role of Dietary Intervention in Ameliorating Disability Experienced by quadruplicate Sclerosis PatientsMark M. MakarHypothesis Diet modification crumb portentously remediate hindrance and attri preciselye of deportment in six-fold induration patients. lineation (word count 213)Hypothesis Diet modification can significantly improve disability and quality of life in doubled induration patients.Methods The PubMed database was searched on January 18, 2017 to identify studies relevant to this follow-up. The database search combined stipulations from three themes 1) bigeminal induration patients 2) nutriment and 3) diet modification. This search yielded 118 articles for screening, with nary(prenominal)duplicates. With abstract screening and inclusion criteria, 10 articles were intromitd in this final surveil.Results Modifying the diet of doubled induration patients can greatly reduce fatigue and mode rately help decrease symptoms experienced during this illness. Replacing animal based protein and saturated fatty acids from the diet, with throwt-based alternatives that are noble in starch showed noticeable improvement in symptoms experienced by five-fold induration patients. The im represent based diet showed a decrease in un thinking(a) cells, damage of the blood brain barrier, demyelination, as well as axonal and oligodendrocyte injury.Conclusions A variety of dietary modifications have been demonstrate to effectively improve quality of life and reduce disability in patients suffering from four-fold sclerosis. More studies are needed to quantify the efficacy of dietary preventive with respect to minify episodes of disability experienced by binary sclerosis patients and including diet modification into the real disease modifying therapies available.Key Words aggregate sclerosis, diet modification, reviewUltramini Abstract A search of the PubMed database yielded 10 articles for review. A variety of randomized controlled trials, age class studies, case studies, cross sectioned studies, and surveys regarding ternary sclerosis patients and diet modification to turf out animal protein from the diet and include only a place based diet, can help to ameliorate disability.IntroductionMultiple Sclerosis has an ongoing prevalence of 33% globally, with its incidence growing in North America and Europe (Evans C et al., 2013). Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the key flyaway frame. It is the number one cause of non-traumatic neurodegenerative disability in the young adult population, and is twice as common in women as men (Browne, P et al., 2014). The etiology of manifold sclerosis is still unknown however, it is believed to have autoimmune origins. Patients tend to experience multiple sclerosis differently the most common presenting symptoms include sensory (40%), motor (39%), fatigue (30%), and visual (30% ), and urinary incontinence (17%) along with less common symptoms presenting as pain and cognitive decline (Evans C et al., 2013). The astray array of symptoms experienced in multiple sclerosis has sprung forth an influx of scholarly research on beneficial disease- modifying therapies (DMTs) and alternative non-traditional methods for treating multiple sclerosis.Many governments across the world subsidize the current platform therapies for multiple sclerosis across the world including interferon-beta and/ or glatiramer acetate (Browne, P et al., 2014). There is a considerable floor of variance between different levels of income groups in society with regards to accessibility of government-funded therapies for multiple sclerosis (Browne, P et al., 2014). Availability of government funded DMTs were accessible to 96% of high-income countries, 45% of dismount to middle income countries, and none in the low-income countries (Browne, P et al., 2014). These surprising statistics have l ed to new research development, which focus on new treatment methods for multiple sclerosis that cannot only be efficacious, but also be economically accessible for all levels of socioeconomic statuses across the world. There is much speculation regarding cost long suit of current treatment regiments for multiple sclerosis with interferon-beta and/ or glatiramer acetate. There is a common consensus that the current platform therapies are not cost effective for the semipermanent therapy of multiple sclerosis (Bogglid, M et al., 2009).Given the pathology of multiple sclerosis, it is believed that dietary factors play a key role in autoimmune degradation and can acquire myelin breakdown in the central nervous system by molecular mimicry (Ashtari, F et al., 2015). Multiple sclerosis prevalence is believed to be high in regions furthest away from the equator, however recent research has found that these regions of the world also consume a greater amount of saturated fat and animal prot ein such as dairy (Swank, R et al., 1990). Diets high in animal protein saturated fatty acids tend to worsen progression of multiple sclerosis and increase relapse of symptoms (Hadgkiss, E et al., 2015).It has been proposed that dietary interventions such as low fat, plant-based diet may decrease autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system and help maintain the protective integrity of the blood brain barrier (Riccio, P et al., 2016). Dietary modifications are thought to be both a cost effective and efficacious treatment option for mitigating symptoms experienced by multiple sclerosis patients such as loss of motor and or sensory function, as well as fatigue (Yadav, V et al., 2016).This paper aims to provide a practical overview of recent scholarly literature in order to process the research question Does diet modification significantly decrease the level of disability and improve the quality of life in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis? The review will be guided under the hypothesis diet modification can significantly improve disability and quality of life in patients suffering with multiple sclerosis.MethodsArticles about multiple sclerosis and diet modification were searched on January 19, 2017 exploitation the databases Pub Med and Google Scholar. The database search combined terms from three themes 1) multiple sclerosis patients (relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis OR primary progressive multiple sclerosis OR multiple sclerosis OR central nervous system demyelination OR autoimmune encephalomyopathy OR demyelinating disease 2) diet ( viands OR animal protein OR vegan diet OR plant based diet) and 3) diet modification ( meal plan OR starch based diet).When searching for articles, screening settings were set to be within 10 years, English language, full text articles, review, meta-analysis, randomized control trials, and clinical trials. Boolean operators used were OR and AND OR was used to extract specific terms from the three main t hemes. AND was used to connect the three themes used in this review. This search yielded 118 articles for screening, with no duplicates. With abstract screening and inclusion criteria, 10 articles were included in this final review.Inclusion CriteriaAll the articles used in this systemic review had to meet the following criteria 1) English 2) patients with multiple sclerosis for at least 6 months 3) diet modification/ assesment or pharmacological treatment as intervention. The term multiple sclerosis was defined as patients showing symptoms for at least 6 months and diet modification was defined as any change in daily food intake.Exclusion CriteriaArticles were excluded from the review if they were published prior to 2007 and/or were not written in the English language and/or if patients had any image of prior chronic disease separate than multiple sclerosis.ResultsRandomized Controlled Studies In a randomized controlled study by Vijayshree Yadav et al, 61 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis were monitored for a one-year period. The participants were promiscuously allocated into dickens groups Diet group and control group. The diet group was placed on a strict starch plant based diet (potatoes, corn, beans, bread, sweet potato and rice), while the control group was allowed to continue with their usual diet (meat, eggs, dairy products, fish) throughout the study. Each participant was surveyed once e very(prenominal) three months or the duration of the study during which disability, and fatigue levels were recorded (by the expanded disability status scale, EDSS and fatigue severity scale, FSS/ modified fatigue reach scale, MFIS respectively). Serum lipid levels and brain MRI were also recorded at the end of the twelve months. The results observed demonstrated a significant reduction (pFigure 1 shows a summary of fatigue improvement throughout the duration of the study. These findings suggest that intervention with a plant-based diet does i ndeed help reduce fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients.Figure 1 Graph of Fatigue Scores as Measured by FSS score (A) and MFIS score (B) over a 12 Month Time SpanIn a similar randomized control trial by Anja Mahler et al, 18 patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis were randomly divided into two groups. The intervention group was started on 600 mg green tea catechin capsulise per day and the control group received a placebo capsule for 12 weeks. A 4-week period was allotted during crossover to assure a sufficient wash out period. The results observed determined there was a significant increase in efficiency of muscle work from 20 (SD= 3) in the placebo group to 25 (SD= 6) in the intervention group (p0.004). This finding suggests that intervention with plant based green tea extract helps to decrease muscle fatigue in multiple sclerosis patients.Cohort and Cross Sectional StudiesEmily Hadgkiss et al surveyed 2087 patients with multiple sclerosis globally. The comprehensi ve online survey inquired about dietary habits, quality of life, disability, and relapse rate. Dietary habits were assessed using the Diet Habits Questionnaire (DHQ), baseline quality of life was calculated using the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life scale (MSQOL-54), and disability was calculated by using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Results of this study demonstrated that patients who reported higher intake of fruits and vegetables and low intake of fats had significantly higher physical health scores (PHC) ranging from 54 to 68 (pFigure 2 and Figure 3 shows a brief summary of these results.Figure 2 Mean Physical Health Composite by Dietary Factors Figure 3 Mean amiable Health Composite by Dietary FactorsAnother significant finding in this study showed that patients who consumed meat and dairy had much poorer disability scores 624 (pTable 1. The oftenness ofmultiple sclerosis disease activity was also significantly increased in meat and dairy consumers, 309% and 271% respectively (pTable 1 Level of disability and disease activity by dietary subgroupsSoodeh Jahromi et al surveyed the diets of 75 women with multiple sclerosis from Iran. Dietary patterns were assessed using a 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). This study found patients whos diet consisted mainly of animal fat (high in animal fats, potato, other meat products, sugars, hydrogenated fats and low in whole grains, spices, and poultry without skin) had higher incidence of multiple sclerosis (OR = 1.99 CI 1.63-2.94 P = 0.04), and patients who had a vegetable based diet (high in green leafy vegetables, hydrogenated fats, tomato, yellow vegetables, fruit juices, onion, and other vegetables) had lower incidence of multiple sclerosis. (OR = 0.42 95% CI = 0.19-0.90 P = 0.026). These findings suggest an inverse relationship between high amount of hydrogenated fats, green leafy vegetables, fruit juices, and other vegetables and risk of multiple sclerosis.A longitudinal retrospect ive analysis was conducted by Weinstock-Guttman et al, where lipid levels of 492 multiple sclerosis patients were assessed for one a year time period. The study deduced that increasing low-density lipoprotein (pGeeta Ramsaransing et al investigated the levels of 23 dietary nutrients in 80 patients with multiple sclerosis 27 with benign course multiple sclerosis, 32 with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis, and 21 with primary progressive multiple sclerosis. The secondary progressive group demonstrated significant decreases in magnesium intake (pIn a cohort study by Mike Bogglid et al, 5583 multiple sclerosis patients in the UK were monitored from May 2002 to April 2005 in an effort to establish the long term cost effectiveness of current platform therapy (interferon-beta and/ or glatiramer acetate) for multiple sclerosis. Following the duration of the study, 49% of patients that were on platform therapy were found to have experienced progressive deterioration in EDSS 2.68 at b aseline, 2.90 after one year, and 3.24 after two years (pCase Control StudiesIn a comparable study to Soodeh Jahromi et als work, a cross sectional analysis by Tatjana Pekmezomiv et al was conducted to investigate mathematical dietary trends in patients living with multiple sclerosis. The dietary habits of 110 multiple sclerosis patients were compared to 110 rose-cheeked controls. Results showed that meat intake such as chicken (OR=2.0, p=0.045), lamb (OR=2.1, p=0.013), and beef (OR=1.7, p=0.043) was significantly higher in multiple sclerosis patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, the study found that multiple sclerosis patients consumed significantly higher levels of ice cream (OR=0.18, p=0.031) and butter (OR=1.7, p=0.056) in similitude to controls. Table 2 shows a brief summary of these results. These findings suggest that there is a significant association between dietary intake of meat products such as chicken, lamb, and beef, as well as ice cream and butter to the disease in question. This may suggest that remotion or reduction of verbalize food items may be beneficial in decreasing the incidence of multiple sclerosis.Table 2 Consumption frequency of different food groups and food items in MS patients and controlsFereshteh asharti et al conducted a case control study in order to evaluate cows milk allergy (CMA) in multiple sclerosis patients versus healthy individuals. The authors compared 48 multiple sclerosis patients with 48 healthy controls. After 16 weeks there were no differences in the frequency of CMA between the two groups. Contrary from the results of Emily Hadgkiss et als study, the study done by Vahid Shaygannejad et al, found that there was a higher frequency of dairy products consumed by healthy control individuals (67%, p=0.01) compared to multiple sclerosis patients. These findings suggest that there is no reliable association between milk consumption and risk of multiple sclerosis development.Discussion This review at tempted to answer the question Does diet modification significantly decrease the level of disability and improve the quality of life in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis? The general shared consensus of articles included in this review support the proposed hypothesis of diet modification can, indeed, significantly improve disability and quality of life in multiple sclerosis patients (Hadgkiss E et al., 2015 Jahromi S et al., 2012 Shaygannejad V et al., 2016 Yadav V et al., 2016 Ramsaransing G et al., 2009 Jahroomi S., 2012 Pekmezovic T et al., 2012). However, one article concluded that consumption of animal protein in the form of milk did not increase the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (Shaygannejad V et al., 2016). However, these findings should not be generalized to the general population as the sample size used was too small and did not represent a true spectrum of multiple sclerosis prevalence across the world. The remaining articles reviewed corroborated that re moval of both animal based protein and saturated fatty acids from the diet, and their replacement, high starch, plant-based alternatives, provided improved disability and fatigue in patients suffering from this disease (Pekmezovic T et al., 2012 Yadav V et al., 2016). The plant based, high starch diet (potato and rice) was found not only be an efficacious treatment option for mitigating symptoms experienced by multiple sclerosis patients but is also economically accessible for all levels of society across the world. It is also evident that most clinicians involved in the articles reviewed, found enough evidence in their research to warrant providing advice to patients with multiple sclerosis about the importance of healthy diet modification in regards to their condition (Hadgkiss E et al., 2015 Jahromi S et al., 2012 Yadav V et al., 2016 Ramsaransing G et al., 2009).Many of the articles reviewed used a survey platform to assess the diets of multiple sclerosis patients this may have had some effect on the results due to the temper of the retrospective study design used, making way for possible recall bias, hence potential misreporting of dietary intake (Pekmezovic T et al., 2012 Hadgkiss, E et al., 2015). As well, since more of the articles used a food frequency survey approach, it may have limited the interventions possible with regards to experimenting with different types of foods that may have improved or worse multiple sclerosis outcomes. A common limitation in this review is that none of the articles inquired about portion sizes of their meals, just food items (Hadgkiss E et al., 2015 Jahromi S et al., 2012 Yadav V et al., 2016 Ramsaransing G et al., 2009 Jahroomi S., 2012). Across all articles reviewed, mean age of the study population was between 30- 47 years therefore the results of this review may not be true for younger or more elderly patients. Many of the researchers in this review found it difficult to recruit many subjects due to health concer ns regarding a low protein diet (Hadgkiss E et al., 2015 Jahromi S et al., 2012 Yadav V et al., 2016 Ramsaransing G et al., 2009 Jahroomi S., 2012). It is possible that the results observed with regards to studying the diets of multiple sclerosis patients may have been due to associations with other confounding variables. It is also important to note that given the disabling nature of multiple sclerosis as a disease state, many of the patients may be relying on a caregiver or family member for their meals, which may influence their dietary intake.Limitations encountered in this review include only utilizing articles written within the past(a) 10 years, articles collected from only two databases (PubMed and Google Scholar), and articles were only included only if they were published in the English language.Future research may consider standardizing meal portion sizes during experimentation as various parts of the world have varying standard portion sizes. Future studies should also consider accounting for possible supplementation use in the participants such as vitamin and mineral intake. This would help diminish possible confounding variable. Future research may also utilizing data-based analysis encompassing a larger age range. All together, these factors would help encompass a much broader spectrum of patients living with multiple sclerosis.Conclusion In conclusion, diet modification has been shown to be a viable option not only for effectively improving quality of life, and reducing disability in patients suffering from multiple sclerosis, but also in lowering the risk of developing the disease. Evidence showed that removal of both animal based protein and saturated fatty acids from the diet, and replacing them with plant-based alternatives which are high in starch showed noticeable improvement in muscle weakens and fatigue levels. Unfortunately we do not have sufficient research that definitively demonstrates that diet modification can be used alone witho ut traditional medication to prevent and/ or treat multiple sclerosis. Additional studies are needed to assess the efficacy of dietary intervention with respect to reducing episodes of disability experienced by multiple sclerosis patients and including diet modification into the current disease modifying therapies available.ReferencesAshtari, Fereshteh, Fatemeh Jamshidi, Raheleh Shokouhi Shoormasti, Zahra Pourpak, and Mojtaba Akbari. cow milk allergy in multiple sclerosis patients. Journal of research in medical sciences the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences 18, no. Suppl 1 (2013) S62. PMCID PMC3743324Boggild, Mike., Palace, Jackie., Barton, Pelham., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Bregenzer, Thomas., Dobson, Charles., Gray, R. (2009). Multiple sclerosis risk sharing scheme two year results of clinical cohort study with historical comparator. BMJ, 339, b4677. http//www.bmj.com/content/bmj/339/bmj.b4677.full.pdf.Browne, P., Chandraratna, D., Angood, C., Tremlett, H., Baker , C., Taylor, B. V., Thompson, A. J. (2014). Atlas of Multiple Sclerosis 2013 A growing global problem with widespread inequity. Neurology, 83(11), 1022-1024. http//doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000000768Guggenmos, Johannes, Anna S. Schubart, Sherry Ogg, Magnus Andersson, Tomas Olsson, Ian H. Mather, and Christopher Linington. Antibody cross-reactivity between myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and the milk protein butyrophilin in multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology 172, no. 1 (2004) 661-668. DOI https//doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.661Emily J Hadgkiss, George A Jelinek, Tracey J Weiland, Naresh G Pereira, Claudia H Marck Dania M van der Meer (2015) The association of diet with quality of life, disability, and relapse rate in an international sample of people with multiple sclerosis, Nutritional Neuroscience, 183, 125-136, DOI 10.1179/1476830514Y.0000000117Evans, Charity, S-G. Beland, Sophie Kulaga, Christina Wolfson, Elaine Kingwell, James Marriott, Marcus Koch et al. In cidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Americas a systematic review. Neuroepidemiology 40, no. 3 (2013) 195-210. doi 10.1159/000342779.Jahroomi, Soode., Toghae, Mansoureh., Razeghu Jahromi, M., Aloosh, Mahdi. (2012). Dietary pattern and risk of multiple sclerosis. Iranian Journal of Neurology. 11(2), 47-53. PMCID PMC3829243Joscelyn, Jennifer., Kasper, Lloyde. H. (2014). Digesting the emerging role for the gut microbiome in central nervous system demyelination. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 20 (12), 1553-1559. DOI 10.1177/1352458514541579Mhler, Anja, Jochen Steiniger, Markus Bock, Lars Klug, Nadine Parreidt, Mario Lorenz, Benno F. Zimmermann, Alexander Krannich, Friedemann Paul, and Michael Boschmann. Metabolic response to epigallocatechin-3-gallate in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis a randomized clinical trial. The American journal of clinical sustenance 101, no. 3 (2015) 487-495. DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.075309Otaegui, David, Sara Mostafavi, Claude CA Bernard, Adol fo Lopez de Munain, Parvin Mousavi, Jorge R. Oksenberg, and Sergio E. Baranzini. Increased transcriptional activity of milk-related genes following the active phase of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. The Journal of Immunology 179, no. 6 (2007) 4074-4082. doi 10.4049/jimmunol.179.6.4074Pekmezovic, Tatjana D., Darija B. Kisic Tepavcevic, Sarlota T. Mesaros, Irena B. Dujmovic Basuroski, Nebojsa S. Stojsavljevic, and Jelena S. Drulovic. Food and dietary patterns and multiple sclerosis a case-control study in Belgrade (Serbia). Italian Journal of Public Health 6, no. 1 (2012). http//ijphjournal.it/article/view/5808Ramsaransing, Geeta, Mellema, Sanne. A., De Keyser, J. (2009). Dietary patterns in clinical subtypes of multiple sclerosis an exploratory study. Nutrition journal, 8(1), 36. DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-8-36Riccio, Paolo, and Rocco Rossano. Nutrition facts in multiple sclerosis. ASN neuro 7, no. 1 (2015) doi 10.1177/1759091414568185Riccio, Paolo., Ro ssano, Rocco., Liuzzi, G. Maria. (2011). May diet and dietary supplements improve the wellness of multiple sclerosis patients? A molecular approach. Autoimmune diseases, 2010. http//dx.doi.org/10.4061/2010/249842Riccio, Paolo, Rocco Rossano, Marilena Larocca, Vincenzo Trotta, Ilario Mennella, Paola Vitaglione, Michele Ettorre et al. Anti-inflammatory nutritional intervention in patients with relapsing-remitting and primary-progressive multiple sclerosis A pilot study. Experimental Biology and Medicine 241, no. 6 (2016) 620-635. DOI 10.1177/1535370215618462Shaygannejad, Vahid, Nooshin Rezaie, Zamzam Paknahad, Freshteh Ashtari, and Helia Maghzi. The environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis susceptibility A case-control study. Advanced Biomedical Research 5 (2016). doi 10.4103/2277-9175.183665Swank, R. L., and B. Brewer Dugan Effect of low saturated fat diet in early and late cases of multiple sclerosis. The Lanet 336, no. 8706(1990) 37-39. DOI10.1016/0140-6736(90)91533Tlaskal ov-Hogenov, Helena, Renata tpnkov, Hana Kozkov, Tom Hudcovic, Luca Vannucci, Ludmila Tukov, Pavel Rossmann et al. The role of gut microbiota (commensal bacteria) and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases. Cellular molecular immunology 8, no. 2 (2011) 110-120. http//www.nature.com/cmi/journal/v8/n2/abs/cmi201067a.htmlVieira, Silvio. M., Pagovich, Odelya. E., Kriegel, Martin. A. (2014). Diet, microbiota and autoimmune diseases. Lupus, 23(6), 518-526. doi 10.1177/0961203313501401Weinstock-Guttman, Bianca, Robert Zivadinov, Naeem Mahfooz, Ellen Carl, Allison Drake, Jaclyn Schneider, Barbara Teter et al. Serum lipid profiles are associated with disability and MRI outcomes in multiple sclerosis. Journal of neuroinflammation 8, no. 1 (2011) 127.DOI 10.1186/1742-2094-8-127Yadav, Vijayshree., Marracci, Gaild., Kim, Edward., Spain, Rebecca., Cameron, Michelle., Over s, Shanon., Murchison, C. (2016). Low-fat, plant-based diet in multiple sclerosis A randomized controlled trial. Multiple Sclerosis and connect Disorders, 9, 80-90. DOI 10.1016/j.msard.2016.07.001.AppendixFirst AuthorPopulationYear of PublicationStudy DesignOutcomeAshtari, F.48 patients with Multiple Sclerosis and 48 healthy patients as control group, mean age 30.7 promenade 18, 2013Case control StudySerum IgE levels against cows milk antigen was taken from both groups. Results were very similar between both groups and showed no statistical significance (30.7 6.9 vs. 30.9 6.3 respectively, P value = 0.83)Boggild, M.5583 patients with multiple sclerosis monitored from May 2002 to April 2005 from neurology clinics across the UKAugust 5, 2009 potential Cohort StudyPatients received Interferon Beta treatment to determine long term cost effectiveness. Results showed worse disability progression than in the untreated group (deviation score of 113% increase in mean disability status s cale 0.28)Hadgkiss, E.2087 patients with multiple sclerosis, mean age 45.5 participated in a comprehensive online surveyMarch 17, 2014Cross Sectional Study

The Price Elasticity Of Moisturizing Cream

The Price Elasticity Of Moisturizing CreamConsidering the above table, we find that the quantity demanded has increased from P0 to P4. entirely we do non see a signifi tummyt step- bundle in the set of the product. Does that mean that moisturizing cream is price inelastic? The answer to the question is NO. Moisturizing cream is definitely price elastic. But price is non the only factor that affects the demand of the cream. The other major factor that affects the quantity demanded is Advertising cost.Moisturizing cream tolerate be considered as a non essential luxuriousness durable approximate. According to Sethuram and Tellis ( in Farnham 2010,p 96), durable goods have impoverisheder price elasticity than non-durable goods. Usually consumers relate a higher price of durable good with a high quality. Hence they post pay higher price for a product. The non durable goods are more price elastic since consumers are not ready to pay more price for an item that will not last for a long time.According to the food marketing study of Sethuraman and Tellis (in Farnham 2010 p 97) producers should cut down their strategies on ad policies for cosmetics, luxury goods and new products. Higher advertising cost will help in creation of brand value and increase the gross revenue of the product. Higher advertising will project the superiority of the brand with respect to the other brands (if done correctly).As seen from the table, the demand curve drawn would have supportive face. A demand curve with positive slope is common in markets that exhibit Conspicuous Consumption and the products that are categorized as Veblen goods.In the wager, the highest market shares were experienced by households that had the highest advertising be.Considering the performance of the extinctflank 2 firms on the undercoat of bring in and market share for five periods of GRITAIN MOISTURIZING CREAM INDUSTRYIt can be clearly seen that the market share is influenced by the advertisi ng cost. In P1, firm 38 had a market share of 32.8% though its price was a lot higher than firm 35. This shows that when the advertising is higher, the quantity demanded for products like moisturizing cream and other beauty products is higher, irrespective of the country. Let us analyse the elasticity of Cement by considering the PIELAND CEMENT INDUSTRY. Again considering the performance of the best 2 firms in the first five periods on the basis of market share and profit we haveOn considering P2, it can be found out that the market share of firm 7 is much higher than its closest competitor firm 9 in spite of the fact that firm 9 spent heavily on advertising. This shows that consumers demand more building blocks of cement if it is cheaper, making it highly price sensitive. It has a misfortunate price elasticity of demand. It was observed that making profit was highly difficult in the cement assiduity. A right mix of advertising and pricing schema was required. A very low price would help in achieving a good market share but would make it very difficult to leave even.According to Dr. Divina M. Edralin (2004) The cement industry is highly capital- intensifier, as it needs substantial investments in fixed assets like plant and equipment. The industrys main product is characterized by low price elasticity of demand, limited shelf life, and expensive handling and transportation cost for imports. According to Dr Edralin, globalization has provided opport building blockies to transnational cement corporations to monopolize the worlds cement industry by managing the economies of scale because of their large capital investments and thus making it difficult for smaller domestic firms/factories producing cement.PART B PRODUCTION AND COST ANALYSIS (SHORT stretch forth AND LONG RUN)SHORT RUNConsidering the firm 28 in Pieland Moisturizing Cream Industry, the short run cost functions can be interpreted by feel at the total fixed and variable cost, average fixed and v ariable cost.The functioning of the firms of various industries from P0 to P4 can be considered as short run as the firms were not allowed to increase their capacity. Thus the capital input remains constant in those periods.Fixed Costs = Overhead costs + Interest on negative balance + advertising costs + depreciation (These costs are not related to the production). As advertising costs have increased because of managerial decisions, they can be categorized as discretionary-fixed costs. Depreciation is considered as a fixed cost because it is figure on the basis of time and not on the basis of number of units that a machine produces.Variable costs = $2 per pot of moisturizing creamDepreciation is 5% per period reach calculation was done as total revenue total costsIf we combine the above both periods for firm 28, we haveTotal Revenue = 183200(period 1) + 252000(period 2) = $435200Total Costs = 159800(period 1) + 191698(period 2) = $351498Total Profit = $83702Total sales = 46900 p otsProfit per pot (combined P1 and P2)= $1.78Profit for P1= 23400 (183200-159800) = Profit per pot = 23400/22900 = $1.02Profit for P2=60302 (252000-191698) = Profit per pot = 60302/24000 = $2.51As we can see, the profit has increased in the period 2. In real life situations where most of the durable products are quite price elastic, the managers have constraints of not increasing the product price (unlike the game). The costs of running the firm increases gradually as more competitors enter the industry and companies spend more on advertising costs. This costs the profits to reduce by and by some time and the firms are forced to innovate new products and strategies.This can be overcome by the economies of scale as well as by increasing the price per unit. In a luxury non-essential item such as moisturizing cream, it can be done by increasing the price per unit as moisturizing cream is more advertizement elastic and consumers are ready to pay a higher price. This can be seen in the prices of the best performing teams of Pieland moisturizing cream industry.Just 5 periods have been shown as the firms had the provision to increase their capacity from P5.If we consider the Pieland Cement Industry and analyse the pricing scheme of the best two firms we can interpret that to survive in the industry, it is very essential to keep the price low as cement is not very advertisement elastic and highly price elastic.This makes cement industry in any country highly vulnerable to competition. Hence the cement firms have to work in collusion to survive in the market. The cartelisation mode of functioning is very common in this industry. The case of collusion is not seen in the game as two out of four firms have made huge losses.LONG RUNAccording to Farnham (2010167) moisturizing cream industry in the game has adopted the capital intensive method of production because there is a provision of buying large large quantities of capital investment.Considering the firms of Pieland Moisturizing Cream, a comparison can be done mingled with capacities of two firms one which did not increase the capacity and the other which increased the capacity.The cost per unit for each of the above periods for the firms would beThe cost per unit is calculated as (Overhead+Variable costs)/ Units produced for simplicity.The cost due to negative interest and the advertising cost have not been considered for the calculation. Above it can be seen that the cost per unit in P1 for firm 25 is more than firm 28. This is because the capacity utilization of firm 25 is lesser than firm 28. Firm 25 produced 12000 units in P1 whereas firm 28 produced 18000 units in P1.As it can be seen in Table B.7, the cost per unit for firm 28 has reduced consistently from P1 to P7. It is easier for firm 28 to breakeven quickly and sell the units at reduced prices and drive firm 25 out of competition. However, it was observed that when the capacity of the firm was increased from 45000 to 50000 units, t he cost per unit came out to be the same $3.87. This can be correlated with the graph of tokenish Efficient Scale. According to Farnham(2010178), the Long Run Average Cost curve becomes essentially flat with neither further economies nor diseconomies of scale.$4.11$3.91$3.87Q=35000 units ( Minimum Efficient Scale )The Long run average cost curve for firm 28 depicting Minimum Efficient Scale.Capacity Utilization Ratio (Production/Capacity) of Firm 28 is higher than Firm 25 in Pieland Moisturizing Cream Industry. The stocks not interchange are to a fault used to determine whether the firm needs to increase its capacity or not. Firm 28 has a higher capacity utilization ratio and has sold stock in most of its periods. So it gives it the incentive to expand its through investment in new structures and investment. Usually a ratio higher than 85% gives the incentive to increase the capacity according to Farnham (2010 p 352). For firm 28 the ratio is more than 95%.PART C OLIGOPOLY AND GA ME THEORYThe game theory models can be linked to the PIELAND MOISTURIZING CREAM industry. Moisturizing cream is highly advertisement elastic. This makes all the firms in the industry incur high advertising costs in each period. Consider the advertising costs for some of the periods for various firmsAs it can be seen, all the firms in the industry have unceasingly increased their advertising costs. It started with $30000 at P0 and ended up in millions. Majority of the firms ( 3 out of 5) suffered huge losses because of this. Advertising heavily in either period was highly essential to survive the competition and sell the product (referring table A.1 above).Thus in every period advertising heavily was the sovereign strategy for each firm. If the firms had co-ordinated their strategies, the advertising costs would not have reached millions. They could have sold the cream pots at higher price with minimum advertising cost. all in all firms ended up worse off than if they had been ab le to co-ordinate their strategies. All firms became prisoners of their own strategy particularly firm 25, 26 and 27 considering the final profit figure in table C.2 (Farnham 2010 p258).Though firms 28 and 29 made profits their profits could have been higher if the firms in the industry had co-ordinated and followed a co-operative oligopoly model. But the fear of punishment prevented the firms to collude (punishment from anti-trust/anti-cartel in real world).If the advertising costs of Firm 28 are considered in particular, they have increased with every period. However, the advertising cost in P14 of Firm 28 was the lowest in the group. It was known well in advance that P14 would be the final period of the game. If Firm Id 28 had kept advertising costs similar to the other firms and for some reason it would have been unable to have good sales, my firm (firm 28) would have incurred huge loss. The lesser revenue would not have negated the effect of high advertising cost and my existin g positive balance would have turned into negative. This made me reduce the advertising. The price was also brought down ( as seen in table C.3). The highest risk that Firm 28 faced during this period was Overhead cost = (-$84213) Variable Cost = (-$63000) (production was brought down as lesser sales were anticipated) Advertising = (-$100000) Total = (-$247213)The positive interest was $2897. Thus the net risk becomes (-$244316). The balance in firm 28 was $289728.51 as on P13. Thus if there are no sales in P14, there is still a positive balance of around $45412.51 ($289728.51 $244316).I considered this strategy as the best for my firm regardless of the strategy that other firms choose. I consider this scenario as the Nash Equilibrium because from a set of strategies, I have chosen the best strategy considering that the other firms will also choose their respective best strategy (Farnham 2010 p 258).PART D IMPACT OF MACROECONOMYThe macroeconomic scenario can be evaluated on the ba sis of the total quantity demanded for a particular product. Let us consider the Pieland and Gritain Moisturizing cream industryAs it can be seen from the table, the quantity demanded for units in Pieland as well as Gritain has grown in each period (except in P14 for Pieland). However, the quantity demanded curve shows a steep slope in Pieland in comparison to Gritain. This shows that the growth rate is higher in developing countries than the developed ones.The quantity demanded has a lesser slope for periods between P1-P4 since the pecuniary form _or_ system of government was deflationary. The consumption of a non essential luxury item such as moisturizing cream is less. However, from P5 the consumption increased as the monetary policy was reflationary (interest judge were cut) causing people to spend more on cosmetics. Reflationary fiscal policy causes the reduction of either the direct or indirect taxes. This leads the people to consume more.The reflationary policy caused accel erated growth from period 10. But accelerated growth caused inflation. It can be inferred from the graph that the governments and banks increased the taxes and interest rates. This brought the consumption down which is apparent from P13-P14. The do of fiscal and monetary policy were more easily visible on emerging/developing economy of Pieland than on Gritain since Pieland has a higher growth rate. A suitable monetary and fiscal policy will affect the markets of Pieland more than Gritain.

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing Essay

The Importance Of Communication Within Nursing Nursing shewThe aim of this essay is to explore the concept of converse within nursing. Communication is often seen as a verbal act, however, this essay will explore the dissimilar other means in which people communicate, and attempt to apply them to a clinical setting. It will also explain how important talk is when establishing the cherish, unhurried relationship, and how horrid communication skills keister result in a sectionalisation in that relationship. Finally, a reflection will be written on an aspect of communication that took power during a clinical mooringment. This will be accustomd to highlight how good or bad communication techniques can impact upon the long-suffering of and so inhibit or aid the rehabilitation process.Over recent years, the role of a bear has removed mootably. According to Kenworthy et al (2002) the soak up no longer broods a patient who is ill, simply treats the person who happens to arrest an illness. Nursing has pick outn on a more holistic approach, and patients are seen more as whole universes (Jones 1998). non only are their medical histories examined, but their social being and their lifestyle are taken into consideration when planning and implementing treatment (Kenworthy et al. 2002). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) edict of Professional Conduct (2008) specifies that nurses should treat patients as individuals and make their care their primary concern. This should be carried out whilst respecting their dignity and treating them as individuals. The code goes on to state, that a nurse should act as an advocate for those in their care, helping them to access relevant health and social care, information and support (NMC 2008 p.1).In align for a nurse to understand the patient holistically, they will need to collect and analyse a huge amount of data. This begins with the initial assessment, and signals the beginning of the nursing process. (Palm er Kaur, 2005). According to Roper, et al (1983), cited in Aggleton Chalmers (2000) nursing should be centred on the patients twelve activities of daily living. This involves asking in depth questions concerning the patients normal behaviours and habits in relation to such activities as elimination, sleep, work and play. By talk to the patient and obtaining the information required, the nurse should aim to build a therapeutic relationship between themselves and the patient. During this period, the nurse should attempt to gain the trust of her patient by making them feel comfort equal to(p), safe and at ease (Sheldon 2005). This stage of the nurse, patient relationship is crucial, and depends wholly on the communication abilities of the nurse in question.In order for an assessment to be successfully completed, the nurse should be conscious of the types of questions employ. The use of circularize ended questions can allow a patient to fatten on their savours, and prevent yes or no answers. However, when precise information is required the use of closed questions may be more appropriate (Sully Dallas 2005). Stuart Laraia (2001), cited in Riley (2004) fence in that a therapeutic relationship can be facilitated by communication, but at generation can act as a barrier to the relationship. Renwick (1992) cited in Arnold Boggs (2003) concur, suggesting that nurses should ask an appropriate number of questions in order to collect relevant data , yet too many questions could cause the patient to feel as if they are being cross-examined. According to Sheldon, (2005), a nurse should view communication as a clinical skill, and endeavour to constantly build on their expertise throughout their career.Communication in its simplest term, is the social interaction of people. It involves the sending and receiving of cores, which can either be verbal or non-verbal (Anderson, 1990). According to Riley (2004) firstly, the sender has to encode the message that he or sh e wishes to send. This message is then conveyed to the receiver through means of speech, sight, and touch. It is then necessary for the receiver to decode the message, and encode a return message. language is often seen as the main component of communication. However, it is important for health professionals to remember, that not all words have the same meaning for e preciseone. Even if a patient does understand what the nurse is saying, the non verbal actions that accom junky the words spoken, can completely change the meaning of the message (Arnold Boggs, 2003)Therefore, other elements apart from speech need to be taken into consideration when decoding and encoding messages. According to Argyle (1988) and Ekman Friesen (1987), cited in Kenworthy et al (2002), facial expression can reveal volumes with regards to the emotional state of the receiver or sender. They recognised six fundamental emotions, which are identifiable across all cultures, by the movement of facial muscles ha ppiness, vexation, surprise, fear, disgust and sadness. If a patient were undergoing an embarrassing procedure and the nurse caring for them showed signs of embarrassment or distaste via their facial muscles, this could make an unpleasant situation even more humiliating for the patient concerned. Stanton (1990) argues that an individuals soundbox language can often display a much stronger message than their verbal communication, and can constitute open to misinterpretation. It is therefore necessary for health professionals to consider their non-verbal techniques of communication in order to avoid such misunderstandings.A further aspect of communications that a nurse should be conscious of is paralanguage. This includes the characteristics that run alongside language, for instance, pitch, volume, tone, accent and speed of speech. (Kenworthy et al 2002). It is entirely possible for the sender to encode one thing, only for the receiver to decode quite another. For instance, if a nurse is self-aggrandizing a patient instruction on how to take their medication, with a loud tone, and is pronouncing her words very slowly,the patient may feel as if they are being patronised. This could ultimately lead to a breakdown in communication, and hence the patients quality of care could become compromised.In conclusion, it is of the utmost immenseness that a nurse is able to build a trusting relationship with the patient, this will form the basis of the patients treatment and rehabilitation. The nurses communication ability is paramount and they must be fully informed of, and take into account the verbal and non-verbal aspects of communication. The nurse must also be aware of the diversity of clients, and treat them with sensitivity and respect. This will create a usual understanding between nurse and patient, which will ultimately aid the rehabilitation process.The second part of this assignment will reflect on an incident that took location during a clinical settin g. It will be used to demonstrate a further understanding of the importance of communication within nursing.Reflection on habituateReflective practice has been identified and acknowledged as an essential tool within the healthcare profession. According to Jasper (2003), the ability to reflect upon ones experiences is the starting point for relating speculation to practice. The reflective process requires the individual to be self aware, and able to analyse their actions, thoughts and feelings, and if necessary, bring near positive change (Bulman Schutz 2004).For the purposes of this reflection I will use the Gibbs reflective cycle (see Appendix 1). This model sets out a series of structured questions, which will help guide me through the reflective processIn accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) patient confidentiality will be maintained throughout this reflective account. Therefore, the patient involved will be referred to by the pseudonym of uprise. Description What Happened?My first clinical placement was on an elective surgery ward. travel, a 70 year old woman was miserable from primary osteoarthritis of the right hip. This is a degenerative, non-inflammatory condition, which affects the hyaline cartilage of the synovial joints (Manley and Bellman 2003). Due to her continuing pain and decreased mobility, she had agreed to undergo a total right hip arthroplasty. According to OBrien et al (1997a) arthroplasty, is the most common, and successful treatment for osteoarthritis of the hip.Rose was on her second, post operative day and was having job opening her bowels. The nurses caring for her were aware of this, and she had been given a laxative the previous evening. She was very reluctant to get out of bed and walk to the toilet herself, as she was afraid of the pain, and the fact that she may dislocate her hip. A staff nurse and I, had placed a bed pan underneath Rose several clock times that morning, but she had been unable to open her bowels. According to (Heberer and Marx 1995) constipation after surgery is quite commonplace, this can be due to the drugs taken after surgery to besiege pain. Each time the staff nurse and I had assisted Rose, she had become very frustrated and angry.Later that afternoon Roses buzzer went off, she explained that she had a strong feeling that her bowels were about to open. I could tell by Roses facial expression that she was indeed desperate to open her bowels. The other two nurses on duty that day were in use(p) with two post operative patients. I realised, that I would have to choose between waiting for another staff member to assist me, or allowing Rose to soil herself and her bed. I was aware that this would be very embarrassing and humiliating for her, I was also aware of the Code of Conduct (NMC 2008) that emphasises the fact that nurses should act in the best interests of the patient. I was also reluctant to attempt this alone, as Rose had become somewhat angry during previous attempts.Feelings What were you thinking?Even though I had previously assisted qualified staff in placing Rose on a bedpan, I was rather apprehensive about tackling this procedure unsupervised. As no help seemed to be arriving, I realised that I had to make a decision. Not only was Rose becoming increasingly desperate, she was also becoming biting and impatient.I decided, that in order to adhere to the Code of Conduct (NMC, 2008) I would have to try and help Rose to the best of my ability, alone. I was very nervous, not only was I worried that I would not get her on the bedpan in time I was also concerned that I would not be able to cope with her demeanour, if this happened. I did not feel experienced enough in my communication skills to be able to carry this out, whilst at the same time, attempting to place her on the bed pan.I explained to Rose that I was going to place the bedpan underneath her I also explained that I was a student nurse and that I was still lear ning. Above Rose there was an over bed pole hoist (monkey bar) that she was able to use to pull herself up, whilst I placed the bed pan underneath her. Whilst Rose was pulling herself up she was making a lot of noise due to the strain of using her upper body, and the pain of her hip. I try to encourage her with a unagitated voice, however I was aware that my tone of voice was rising because I felt panicked. This in turn caused Rose to become even more agitated. This was making me even more apprehensive, and I began to feel flustered and very inexperienced. It was very difficult to sit rose squarely on the bedpan as she was lying flat, I was very worried that she would completely miss it and soil the bedding. Not only would this be very humiliating and uncomfortable for her, but it would make me feel very incompetent as a nurse. During this time I felt very inexperienced, and doubtful as to whether I would make a very good nurse at all.Eventually Rose managed to open her bowels, it was extremely loose and had an offensive smell. I was very worried that I would not be able to remain professional due to the sight and smell of the faeces. I was aware that this could be detrimental to Roses self esteem and could cause a barrier within the nurse, patient relationship. Whist wiping Rose, it was clear that she was very mortified. I too felt embarrassed, and endeavoured to keep talking to her until I had finished. Even though I had tried to hide my embarrassment, I was very concerned that Rose had been aware of it. This made me feel frustrated and annoyed with myself.Evaluation What was good and bad about the situation?I feel that my deprivation of communication skills during an embarrassing situation were evident during the procedure. Rose was embarrassed enough, without me adding to her discomfort by showing my awkwardness. Although I managed to add up my facial expressions whilst Rose was defecating for signs of distaste, I failed to check them for signs of emb arrassment whilst wiping her.Despite my inexperience, I feel that I made the right choice when I decided to place Rose on the bed pan myself. I was aware that I had limitations as a student nurse, however, I felt that it was in Roses best interests for me to go ahead unaided. The whole situation would have been made a lot worse if Rose had defecated in the bed. She would have felt very humiliated and embarrassed and her feelings of lost independence would have escalated.Analysis What sense can you make of the situation?On reflection I feel that I pre-judged Rose. Every time I had dealt with her over the previous two days she had appeared very demanding and short tempered. However, when everything had been cleared away, I sat with Rose and we talked for a while. Through the use of open questions I began to understand why Rose came across as difficult. Sully (2005), suggests that the use of open ended questions allows the patients to elaborate their feelings, and closed questions shou ld only be used in instances when yes or no answers are required. I discovered that Rose was a very nice lady, who was simply embarrassed and frightened by her lack of mobility and independence. She explained that previous to her hip problems she had played golf on a regular basis, and that she was very worried that she would not be able to resume this pastime. According to Kennedy Sheldon (2004) anger in patients is often a reaction to fear and anxiety, particularly in cases where there is lack of independence. After our conversation, I felt that I had a great understanding of Rose. Although I knew Rose was in pain, and appreciated her embarrassment, I had viewed her as an impatient, demanding lady. Rogers (1951), cited in Kennedy Sheldon (2004) suggest, that the manner in which a person responds to illness, is an individual response to their change of circumstances. He goes further, and states that it is the responsibility of the nurse to treat the patient as an individual, devoi d of any prejudice, and with unconditional positive regard. (ibid). Smith Hart (1994), cited in Hollinworth et al (2005) concur, stating that nurses should chorus from being judgemental and should never label patients as being difficult or demanding following a particular episode of anger. On reflection this is exactly what I did. Due to Roses frustration during earlier attempts to place her on the bed pan, I had perceived her as a demanding and bad tempered lady, this had led to me feeling very apprehensive about dealing with her. On reflection, I realise that I made assumptions about Roses personality that were not true.During the procedure I had attempted to calm Rose down by talking to her. However, I had allowed the tone of my voice to rise because I felt flustered. Ellis et al (2003), suggest that the tone and pitch of a senders voice can give clues to the receiver about the mood, and mind state of the sender. Jack Smith (2007), argue that the actual tone of the voice used, can have more of an impact that the actual words spoken. This can lead to a total misinterpretation of the message being conveyed and could ultimately lead to a breakdown in the nurse, patient relationship (ibid). Even though I was encouraging Rose, the tone and level of my voice could have been perceived as impatient. This would have caused Rose to become even more agitated, during what was an embarrassing and humiliating time for her.During the procedure I had also underestimated how my facial expression could be perceived by Rose. Although I had been conscious of not displaying signs of distaste whilst Rose was defecating, I had failed not to show signs of my embarrassment whilst wiping her afterwards. Arnold and Boggs (2003) argue that if the verbal message fails to match the non-verbal message, then the non-verbal aspects will take precedent. Therefore, even though I was telling Rose that everything was fine my face was conveying quite clearly that I was very embarrassed. On r eflection, I can see that this must have been very humiliating for Rose, as she was normally a very independent lady who was used to dealing with her elimination demand herself.ConclusionThis situation, has taught me the importance of building a therapeutic, trusting relationship with patients. It is essential that the nurse knows the person as a whole in order to treat them as individuals. If I had been aware of how independent and active Rose had previously been, then I would have been far better equipped to deal with her.I have also been made more aware of the dangers of pre-judging patients. I had labelled Rose as a bad tempered lady, and had failed to understand her reasons for this behaviour. This experience has shown me the importance of questioning and listening to patients in order to see them as whole beings.My experience has shown me, how lack of communication skills can cause barriers within the nurse patient relationship. It is very important to not only be aware of wh at you are saying, but to also be aware of non-verbal communication techniques that run alongside language. march PlanMy encounter with Rose has shown me how inexperienced I am with regards to communication with patients. I realise the importance of continually striving to enhance my skills, in order to progress as a student nurse. During subsequent placements, I will take the opportunity to practice my communication techniques, bearing in mind that communication is not only about conversing with the patient verbally, but also about being aware of facial expressions, paralanguage and the ability to listen attentively. In emerging I will be acutely aware of the importance of not pre-judging or labelling patients, but will endeavour to treat them respectfully and as individuals. overall ConclusionIn conclusion, good communication skills are essential in order for a nurse to provide the best level of care. For a nurse to be able to establish a trusting relationship with the patient, t hey must first have a mutual understanding. This understanding can only be achieved if the nurse is able to communicate effectively, being aware, not only of the words being used, but also of the non-verbal traits that run alongside those words. The nurse also ask to be aware of the patients non-verbal cues. Many patients will show signs of frustration or anger because they are frightened, it is important that the nurse is able to read these signs and investigate them further. For a nurse to successfully practice, it is essential that they continually practice, develop and enhance their communication skills throughout their career.Reference ListAggleton P and Chalmers H (2000) Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn.) Hampshire PalgraveAnderson C (1990) Patient Teaching and Communicating in an Information Age. New York Delmar Publishers Inc.Arnold E and Underman Boggs K (2003) Interpersonal Relationships Professional communication Skills for Nurses. (4th edn.) Missouri Elsevi er ScienceBulman C and Schutz S (eds.) (2004) Reflective Practice in Nursing. (3rd edn.) EdinburghBailliere TindallEllis B Gates B and Kenworthy N (2003) (2nd edn.) Interpersonal Communication In Nursing. China Elsevier ScienceHeberer M and Marx A (1995) Complications of enteric nutrition. London Edward ArnoldHollinworth H Clark C Harlanor R Johnson L and Partington G (2005) Understanding The Arousal Of Anger A Patient Centred Approach. Nursing Standard 19(37) pp.41-47Jack K and Smith A (2007) Promoting Self-Awareness In Nurses To Improve Nursing Practice. Nursing Standard 21(32) pp.47-52Jasper M (2003) Beginning Reflective Practice. Cheltenham Nelson ThornesJones P (1998) Holism Making Sense of It. all in all (online) Available at http//www.p-jones.demon.co.uk/hcmholis.html, (accessed 14 October 2008)Kenworthy N Snowley G and Gilling C (2002) Common Foundation Studies in Nursing. (3rd edn.) Edinburgh Churchill LivingstoneManley K and Bellman L (2003) Surgical Nursing take place P ractice. London Churchill LivingstoneThe Nursing and Midwifery Code of Conduct (2008) (Online) Available at http//www.nmc-uk.org/aArticle.aspx?ArticleID=3 056 (accessed 16 October 2008)OBrien S Engela D Leonard S Kernohan G and Beverland D (1997a) prosthetic Dislocation in Customized Total Hip Replacement A Clinical and Radiographic Review. Journal of Orthopaedic Nursing 1 (1)4-10Palmer D and Kaur S (eds.) (2003) heart and soul Skills for Nurse Practitioners. London Whurr PublishersRiley J B (2004) Communication In Nursing. (5th edn.) Philadelphia MosbyRoberts A (2008) (online) Available at http//distributedresearch.net/blog/2008/05/27/reflection-on-keeping-an-action-log-for-a-month (accessed 20th October 2010)Sheldon Kennedy L (2005) Communication for Nurses talking with patients. BostonJones and Bartlett.Stanton K (1990) Communication. LondonMacmillanSully P and Dallas J (2005) Essential Communication Skills for Nurses. China Elsevier Mosby

Richard M. Nixon :: essays research papers

Richard M. NixonRichard Milhous Nixon came from a family with a strong heritage. Hisfathers side of the family were Methodists originally from Scot territory. Then, inthe untimely 1600s, they migrated to Ireland, and to America in the 1730s. Hisgrandfather, George Nixon, died in the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil war.Richards father, crude(a) Nixon, was born in Ohio. His mother died when he wasonly 7, and he left home when he was only 14. He went from town to town doingodd jobs and eventually made his way to California where he met his future wife,Hannah.Nixons mothers side of the family was originally from Germany. Theythen migrated to England rough 1688, where they became Quakers. From Englandthey migrated to Ireland, and from Ireland to America. During the civil war theywere part of the underground railroad. Richards mother, Hannah Milhous, wasborn in Indiana, but her family moved and she grew up in Whittier, California,where she met Frank Nixon. They fell in love at fi rst sight, and were marriedfour months later in June 1908. Frank converted to Quakerism.Frank and Hannahs first son, Harold, was born in 1909, only a yearafter they were wed. In 1908, Frank bought a lemon ranch in Yorba Linda, CA, andbuilt a small house there. Then, on January 9, 1913, Richard Milhous Nixon wasborn in that very house. Hannah and Frank would have three more children Donald(born in 1914), Arthur (born in 1918), and Edward (born in 1930).The Nixon family lived on the edge of poverty. The lemon ranch didntmake enough money to provide for the family of seven, so Frank started doing oddjobs (namely building houses) AND ran the lemon ranch to provide for his family.In 1922, the Nixons moved back to Whittier, and things took a turn for thebetter. Frank bought a plot of land and built a gas station and a general storeon it. Business was good, but it took much work to keep the store running. The all told family worked hard at the store and the children worked hard at school.B ut tragedy struck in 1925. Arthur died.Richard was always a serious child. By the age of six, he was alreadyreading the newspaper and talking politics with his father. He was a good publicspeaker, and by junior high school, he was a overlord debater. He tried hishardest to get the best grades in school. In 1926, he entered high school. Hewas very busy. He did his schoolwork, he studied, he helped with the store, he