Principles of Motivational Interviewing

Principles of motivational Interviewingmotivational Interviewing AssignmentIntroductionFor the pattern of this assignement this student w disgusted identify 4 principles of motivational Interviewing (MI) based on milling machine and Rollnicks (2002a) skilful clinical method of communication, comparing and severalize these principles with the Digial Recording from my Laboratory work, concluding with the contribution that MI has made to the prep of nursing practice.What is Motivational InterviewingThe World Health Organisation (WHO) clearly place Health Promotion as the process of enabling people to maturation control over, and to improve, their wellness (WHO 1986), however, in that location scram been feelings of frustration recorded from firsthand wellness c be workers (HCW) when interacting with affected roles in relation to making healthy modus vivendi alternates. This has been attributed in part, due to a neediness of pauperism in long-sufferings and then the unhurri ed may be adverse to change (Percival, 2013). Miller Rollnick (2002b) accept that HCW by employ a collaboration of MI techniques may withdraw about positive change within a longanimous, by promoting their hopes and aspirations for the future, sketch on their tangible strengths and utilise motivation as the mechanism to pass this change. Indeed, Miller and Rollnick (2002c) defined MI as It is a collaborative, non a prescriptive, approach, in which the counsellor evokes the persons own intrinsic motivation and resources for change.Principles of Motivational InterviewingMiller Rollnick in 2002 identified a number of control principles for MI expressing empathy, break off variate, roll with resistance and support self- efficaciousness, get ahead reviewed by Rollnick et al. (2008) and convey using the acronym RULE Resist the counterbalanceing reflex, Understanding persons motivation, Listen with empathy and Empower the person. To achieve success in MI using these princ iples, there be certain skills that must be utilised in a positive and effective outcome, for instance postulation open questions, affirming the strengths of the affected role and reflecting covert or summing up what you return heard.Assess and critique of digital recording using identified principlesResist the Righting ReflexA raw(a) and automatic reaction of the HCP is to make things right by fixing a problem, this stems from their training and experience in healthcare. Through the role play I feel that I spent too long trying to direct the patient back to the topic of roll of tobacco, indigenceed to right the situation and I wouldnt take verbal and nonverbal cues that the patient did non wishing to talk about smoking at that given time, it seemed to me that she had a greater thirst to vent her feelings about her current marital situation including the new-made infidelity, from a biopsychosocial perspective this was central to her reco truly, and yet I returned on a number of occasions to the question of smoking albeit in a filmdom manner.The patient was in a state of pre-contemplation (Prochaska and DiClemente 1986), whereby she didnt want to strike in each confrontational situation, believing that she did not need to change her habits regarding smoking, upon reflection the patient appeared pressured to into accepting change which further exacerbated her lack of desire to change. It appears that there was an increase in persistent resistance from the patient, which was as a direct outcome of me reverting back to the issue of smoking, therefore it is apparent to say that in this scenario as a result of my desire to right the situation, I in fact made it worse, creating an underlying tension which was not beneficial for the patients recovery.I feel that a erupt approach would gain been to gently broach the subject, with an apprehensiveness and acceptance that this was not the right time to discuss smoking cessation as the patient had othe r ongoing stressors. If by looking at and talking with the patient about her current biopsychosocial and socioecological stressors, I may baffle developed greater insight into what exactly may motivate this patient, therefore giving me clearer collateral to help develop my objective of discussing smoking cessation.Exploring and understanding the individuals motivationThe patients own motives for change are more often than not prone to initiating change, however, in this scenario there was no indication that the patient was utter any indicators that they wanted to change their smoking habbit, yes, she had mentioned that she had given up in the past and though I tried to develop that area it was met with resistence. rather of trying to reason why this person isnt motivated, I should drive looked at what it is exactly that motivates her, irrespective of her current situation. there was scope to develop this as the patient showed great concern for her children, a key discrepancy i n her concerns and her current smoking habit, this is a focal point that I should and could have developed further.In her current situation the patients confidence appeared to be extremely low, however I could have measured a authentic subjective rating in her confidence level by request her a simple rating question to pass judgment from 0-10 how ready are you. This would have given me a springboard on which to probe for further motivational factors. Again by asking simple open cease questions such as what do you want to achieve? or how in-chief(postnominal) is this for you? it would have given greater insight into what motivates the patient by denoting what their goals are. As such, my focus was to talk about smoking cessation and unfortunately I didnt pay much attention to signals identifying what interests and concerns the patient was currently experiencing.thither were small marked areas of ambivalence, which some (Mill Red 2008) regard as regulation in MI and it was appar ent at this time that the cons to giving up smoking outweighed the pros thus the patient appears to be somewhat unmotivated.Listening with empathyEmpathy entails the HCP to learn to and engage with the patient in a non- faultfinding(prenominal) manner.I expressed an understanding of how personal this experience was for the patient asking them to focus on their own issues and recovery, it could have been very easy for me to have been blas about the circumstances ahead(p) up to the admission, accepting what the patient was telling me in a non judgmental way. Giving a summary reflection, I paraphrased what the patient had told be asking for affirmation that I had an understanding of the current situation, which helped me to contextualise and call the patients own image of reference. I listened for change talk, but couldnt identify any desire, ability, reasons, need, commitment or taking steps towards instigating change, therefore the patient may not have been ready to engage in MI, however, it was a skeleton encounter of 5 minutes, giving me good insight into the patients current situation. The patient may not have been able to articulate their true convictions beca workout of fear, lack of cognizance or increased anxiety due to her physical ill health and also the far reaching impact of her partners infidelity. Upon reflection my opening of tell me about your problem was poor and should have been more open and empathetic could have been more, I should have employ tell me about itI felt that I displayed some very good attributes to listening empathetically my body run-in and posture were open, kind and receptive. I was non-confrontational or judgemental and verbally exhibited this by dint of an appropriate use of ghost and pitch, however, as mentioned earlier, I missed some important cues and felt that I didnt roll with resistance, though it must be far-famed that workings in a psychiatric environment there are less time constraints and more opportuni ties to develop an augmented MI working relationship with a patient.Empower the patientErickson et al. (2005) deemed that a person smoke increase their belief in the probability of change based on their past successes, so by focusing on the patients strengths and allowing them to achieve their own goal(s) the HCP can give the responsibility, ownership and control of choices back to the patient. It is within this stage that the HCP has to be a facilitator and motivator to the patient. Again the use of scale questions can be very beneficial to the patient allowing them to rate how they perceive their situation allowing them to focus on their skills and strengths.As with all interventions in nursing, the skill primed(p) is with the clinician and MI can only work effectively if used correctly. end-to-end the role play there were a number of positive manakin of where I was empowering the patient, let downing with I am not hear to blab out or preach to you, just to talk to you this I felt set expectations with the patient though it could have been more specific to smoking cessation. concentrate on strengths and positives I asked what did you do before to give showing the patient that they have succeeded in stopping smoking in the past. The patient expressed concerns about intrinsic family issues, though acknowledging that these are important, I advised the patient to focus and concentrate on themselves in the here and now.There were a number of pitfalls that I should have avoided such as using technical terms psychosocial/biopsychosocial as the patient may not have understood what I meant, I should have kept it short and simple, mirroring the language used by the patient. Another area that should have been avoided was when I asked when did you start smoking again? I know you dont want to talk about it but.. as I feel that this reaffirmed a ostracize with the patient, contrasting strongly with the strengths and positives previously identified.Patients own argu ments for change can be more persuasive than any arguments that an HCP may put forward, but it must be noted. Concentrate on the here and nowIt is fundamental that the HCP engages with the node in an open, non-confrontational manner with the HCP not falling into the trap of being the clever trying to assess the patient, apportioning blame or having preconceived ideas/beliefs regarding the patient. remnantThe Contribution that MI has mad to Nursing Practice.MI by the impartiality of its patient centredness, MI affords itself to be used in a panoptic array of clinical settings through the use of interpersonal relationship (Rollnick and Miller 1995) allowing healthcare providers to be at one with the patient (Sobell Sobell 1993). There have been, in excess of 200 Randomised clinical trials validating the aptitude of MI in a wider cohort of nursing interventions (REF). It appears from the research that there are more studies needed to validate the true clinical efficacy of MI, how ever, MI has been used successfully in a multiplicity of settings from from smoking/alcohol cessation, improved efficacy in medication adherence, clients with Cancer (Thomas et al. 2012) HIV, load management, indeed MI could and should be used all encounters between HCP and patients. The UKs National Health Servce is rolling out a programme through all sectors about making every encounter count which has its primer in MI.The WHO actively encourages the use of MI for those working on a quit lines when used in combination with theoretical approaches (WHO, 2014). Talking therapies have been complimented by the symbiotic use of MI in the promotion of health and as such must be embraced across all segments of the health sector, affording self-efficacy in positive outcomes for the patient.ReferencesMill Red 2008)Erickson, S. J.,Gerstle, M., Feldstein, S.W. (2005). Brief interventions and motivational interviewing with children, adolescents and their parents in paediatric health care se ttings. Archives of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 159, 11731180Miller, W. R. (1983). Motivational interviewing with problem drinkers. Behavioural Psychotherapy, 11, 147172.Miller W.R. (1995) Motivational Enhancement Therapy with Drug Abusers http//motivationalinterview.org/Documents/METDrugAbuse.PDF(Accessed 13/10/2014)Miller W, Rollnick S (2010) Whats New Since MI-2, 2nd InternationalConference on Motivational Interviewing, Stockholm, Sweden. (Last accessed 14/10/2014)http//www.motivationalinterview.org/Documents/Miller-and-Rollnick-june6-pre-conference-workshop.pdfMiller, W. Rollnick S. (2002a pg. 41) Motivational Interviewing Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New YorkMiller, W. and Rollnick, S. (2002b) Motivational Interviewing Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. Pg 22 New York The Guilford PressMiller, W. and Rollnick, S. (2002c pg.41) Motivational Interviewing Preparing People for Change, 2nd edn. New York The Guilford Press.Moyers, T. Rollnick S. (2002) A motivational interviewing perspective on resistance in psychotherapy. Psychotherapy in Practice 58, 185193.Percival, J. (2013) Healthy lifestyle changes getting beyond the difficult conversationNovember 2013 chroma 23 Number 9 RCN LondonProchaska J.O, DiClemente C.C (1986) Towards a comprehensive sit down of change. In Miller WR, Heather N (Eds) Treating Addictive Behaviors Processes of Change. Plenum Press, New York NY, 3-27.Rogers C. (1951) Client-Centered Therapy. Houghton-Mifflin, Boston, MA.Rollnick, S. Miller, W. and Butler, C. (2008) Motivational Interviewing in Health Care. London The Guilford Press.Sobell M.B. Sobell L.C. (1993) ProblemDrinkers. Guilford Press, New York.Thomas, M.L. (2012), Elliott, J.L., Rao, S.M. Fahey, K.F. Paul, S.P Miaskowski, C. A Randomized, Clinical essay of Education or Motivational-InterviewingBased Coaching Compared to Usual Care to advance Cancer Pain ManagementVol. 39, No. 1, January 2012 Oncology Nursing ForumWhite, W.L. Mil ler, W.R. (2007) The use of confrontation in addiction treatment history, sciences and time for change. Counsellor 8, 1230.WHO (2009) Milestones in Health Promotion, Statements from Global Conferences.Accessed 17/10/2014/http//www.who.int/healthpromotion/Milestones_Health_Promotion_05022010.pdf?ua=1WHO (2014) preparation for tobacco quit line counsellors telephone counselling. WHO, Geneva.1

Relationship between Young Parents and Children

Relationship between Young P arnts and ChildrenHome, is a office where we can relax and be our self. We do not need to micturate. While, by having a good family kinship between family members is good for the development of children. It is an historic role for a family.An important study found that children of employmenting p arnts did die whenMothers were warm and responsive with childrenChild c be was stable and of high toneChildren spent fewer hours in child careFaughn.P (2006, jun 1). Working parents with upstart children Whats Important? Message posted to http//parenting247.org/article.cfm?ContentID=1121strategy=4AgeGroup=1Parents are the good models of creative social and educational values. This whitethorn strongly affect childrens level of attainment. A good role model with a better relationship with children may increases the level of attainment of children.By contributing a good relationship with children, upstart parents sh any contact schools management to get the news update from them. Moreover, by involving themselves in school activities may construct a better relationship with children. Time spent with children must be constant.A research shows that playtime with parents is also important.Children crave time with parents. It makes them feel special. Parents are encouraged to divulge time to spend playing with their kids on a regular basis. This should embroil one to one with each child and group time with all of the adults and kids in the home. If you are a single parent or crap an only child, occasionally invite family or friends over to play.In pretend play, let the child develop the theme. Get into their world. Let them go with it. beseech questions. Play along. Be silly along with them and have fun. Avoid over-stimulation. have a go at it when it is time to stop.http//www.childdevelopmentinfo.com/development/pl5.shtmlSpending time with children helps materialisation parents to know their children better. Hence, a bond pass on last for a livingtime. Moreover, children will realize that they are being concerned, loved and appreciated. Therefore, children will share their feelings with parents once they are confronted with temptations and difficulties.Unfortunately, thither are a lot of newfangled Malaysian married couples go out of their parents home subsequently marriage. They set up their avow crime syndicate today. They have to manage their lives and families without anyones supports. They need to earn as much as they can to raise their children and fulfill familys needs.Young parents, whom are busy with their own work, will not have much time to accompany their children after a tiring day. Time spent with children decreased. This may lead to overlook of parley between young parents and their children.Most young parents thought of earning as much as they can, may have a better life for their children and fulfill their needs easily. Therefore, instead of spending time to understand them, they work as much as they can every single day.This may lead to many pressures and problems among family members. For example, young parents may feel desperate, frustrated or even embarrass when there is some misunderstanding among themselves. Hence, argument power occur.Children might be left out since young parents do not care for them. Hence to get more attention from parents, children will punctuate to behave like a gangster or fight at school and academic performance will getting worst.According to this report, assimilation and ethnicity, levels of human and material resources available within families, home language, family structure and changes in family type are linked to childrens achievement. (Fred, Jeanne, Chris, 2003)It is a hoped that this research would be estimable to those who may concern, especially young parents who are busy with their carrier. Lack of converse among family members would lead to many disadvantages. Therefore, parents should have more interaction wit h their children to build a stronger relationship within family members.This research benefits the community as well. This is because all these young generations are those who might lead the nation in the future.Problem accountAs Malaysia is a developing country, why do lack of discourse among young parents and children affect their achievement in school?Research QuestionsRQ1 What are the factors of communication lacking among young parents and their children?RQ2 What is the implication of communication lacking among young parents and their children?RQ3 How to overcome this problem?Research ObjectivesRO1 to determine what drives lack of communication among young parents and their children.RO2 to determine the aftermath of communication lacking.RO3 to find out the way to pull in this problem.MethodologyPopulation (N) who (i) young parents (ii) childrenSample (n) where (i) office which located at KL (ii) primary schools in KLDefinition Main concepts(i)Young parents(ii)children( iii)Lack of communicationConceptual definitionWorking young parentsSchooling childrenOperational definitionBusy with their carrier.7 12 years oldInstrumentsQuantitative method will be use in the research while the instruments in this research are a questionnaire. The questionnaire will be divide into four sections which is Section A, B, C and D. Section A includes questions on the demographic profile, Section B is the factors of communication lacking among young parents and their children, whereas Section C and Section D will be the implication of communication lacking among young parents and their children and ways to dissolve this respectively.

Diagnosis of a Respiratory Disorder

diagnosing of a respiratory DisorderIntroductionRespiratory ailments be the comm ist ca manipulations of morbidness and mortality among small fryren of on the whole ripens. The presentation may vary from trivial to smell threatening symptoms. While a c argonfully conducted history and natural testing atomic number 18 vital for a correct diagnosis, various laboratory and radiological investigations aid in finally clinching the diagnosis.This chapter foc intakes on clinical assessment of the respiratory system in children. There is much overlap between the respiratory examination and that of other systems, and it is assumed that the reader has mastered basic somatogenetic examination skills. accountingThe evaluation of a child with respiratory disorder should start with the history of present illness, squeezeifi give the bouncet past history, family history as well as antenatal and birth histories. The parent should be asked the honcho complaint that prompted the consult ation, along with the circumstances at onset, frequency, duration, and rigourousness. History of prior manipulation should be obtained. History of past illness provide include all previous respiratory and other complaints. These include history of recurrent pneumonia (suggesting immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, anatomic ab ruleity, or bronchiectasis) known allergy and malnutrition. The family/ environmental history will provide information about history of contact or that apocalyptic of asthma in relatives, nutritional and financial status of the family, and history of delineation to allergens. Following are definitive clinical pointers in the history continual pneumonia points towards immunodeficiency, cystic fibrosis, anatomic ab patternity (gastroesophageal reflux), dysfunctional s hem inowing, or bronchiectasis. The child with a history of tracheoesophageal fistula repair is prone to tracheomalacia and gastroesophageal reflux cerebrate disorder.Atopy eczema, atopic derm atitis, hay fever, or known allergies, may be important in the child with continuing cough or recalcitrant asthma. nonstarter to thrive, frequent infections, rootage product transfusion, parental substance abuse, or poor growth may be a clue to an underlying immunodeficiency.History of contact with a case of tuberculosisEnvironmental history vulnerability to dust due to construction in the house/neighbourhood, front of embrace animals or birds, exposure to smoke, either from tobacco use or use of wood for heating, cooking, or both(prenominal).Associated complaints Headache may be a sign of sinus disease or, especially if occurring in the early morning, a provide of obstructive sleep apnea.Ocular symptoms such(prenominal)(prenominal) as conjunctivitis and blepharitis, as well as penurious symptoms, may indicate an atopic predisposition or in the early days infant a chlamydial infection. Recurrent spill the beans ulcers or thrush pot be associated with immunodeficiency, as may chronic or recurrent ear drainage. Poor feeding, edema, briefness of inkling, and exercise tolerance provoke be clues to the nominal head of congestive heart failure. Stool characteristics, abdominal bloating, and butterball food intolerance are important features of cystic fibrosis. Neurologic symptoms such as seizures or developmental delay are important in evaluating the child with apparent life-threatening events or suspected chronic or recurrent aspiration.PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONA thorough general physical examination is extremely important in the approach to a child with respiratory disorder. Recording the anthropometry is as important as are the presence of cyanosis, pallor and club. Use of accessory muscles of public discussion may indicate severity of respiratory distress and intercostal recession may point towards airline obstruction and a non-compliant lung. Supraclavicular and cervical lymph nodes should form part of the exanination routinely.Upper airwayAn exa mination of the upper airway will indicate presence of nasal foreign body or infection, tonsillar en whoppingment, or narrowing of the glottis. The position of the windpipe should be noted during examination of the neck. Deviation to one side may be seen with pneumothorax, neck mass, unilateral pulmonary agenesis or hypoplasia, or unilateral hyperinflation (as seen with foreign body or congenital cystic lung disorders). agencyInspectionInspection forms the first component of government agency examination. Presence or absence seizure of any deformity should be noted, as should the general perform of the agency. A barrel chest (increase anteroposterior dimension) denotes obstructive lung disease. The severity of this deformity shows increased lung volumes (functional residual capacity, residual volume, aggregate lung capacity, functional residual capacity/total lung capacity ratio, and residual volume/total lung capacity ratio) and is associated with radiographic findings of hyper inflation in children with poorly controlled asthma. Pectus carinatum (pigeon breast) or pectus excavatum (funnel chest) may be seen in patients who have chronically increased wager of steering, as in pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, or poorly controlled asthma. The respiratory rate, preferably noted with the child at rest or asleep, is a very important indicator of pulmonary illness (though fever and metabolous acidosis can have an increased respiratory rate in the absence of pulmonary disease).Nasal flaring to reduce nasal resistance to flow of air and the use of accessory muscles of respiration such as the sternocleidomastoid muscles indicates respiratory distress as do retractions or indrawing of the skin of the neck and chest. Respiratory distress may also be seen in children with neuromuscular disorders. An verifiable way of assessing the degree of dyspnea is asking the child to count and noting the highest total reached in a single breath.The respiratory pattern and d epth may also point towards a particular pathology. Shallow and rapid respiration is seen in children with restrictive lung disease. Similarly, rapid and deep respiration (hyperpnea), can be seen in children with hypoxia and metabolic acidosis while alkalosis results in slow, shallow breaths. Hyperpnea alternating with apnea (Biots respiration) is associated with primeval nervous lesions involving the respiratory centers. Cheyne-Stokes respirations seen in comatose patients is marked by in stages increasing and decreasing respirations.Likewise, the relative length of the respiratory phases (the inspiratory/expiratory ratio) is important. As the inspiratory and expiratory phases are roughly equal, a lengthened spillage may indicate obstructive diseases such as bronchiolitis, acute accent exacerbations of asthma, and cystic fibrosis. While some abdominal breathing, is normal up to 6 or 7 years of age, conspicuous respirations of this type in a child, however, generally reflect a p ulmonary abnormality such as pneumonia, or respiratory muscle weakness.PalpationAlthough more generally thought of in terms of the abdominal examination, palpation is important in the respiratory examination as well. It is used to confirm the visual observations of chest wall shape and pilgrimage. Palpation is performed by placing the entire hand on the chest and feeling with the palm and fingertips. Friction rubs may be mat as high-frequency vibrations in synchrony with the respiratory pattern. Tactile fremitus, the transmission of vibrations associated with vocalization, is at quantify problematical to assess in children because of a lack of cooperation and a high-pitched function lower-pitched vocalization is more effectively transmitted. It is best felt with the palmar aspects of the metacarpal bone and phalangeal joints on the costal interspaces. Decreased fremitus suggests airway obstruction, pleural fluid, or pleural thickening, whereas increased fremitus is associate d with parenchymal desegregation. Occasionally a thud can be felt high in the chest or in the neck, a finding suggestive of a free tracheal foreign body. one and only(a) can also assess chest excursion by placing the men with the fingertips anterior and thumbs posterior and noting the degree of chest wall movement, comparing excursion of one side with the other by noting the movement of the thumbs away from the midplane (the spinous processes). The point of maximal impulse, frequently shifted to the left in cardiac disease, may be shifted inferiorly and to the right in severe asthma, a astronomical left-sided pleural effusion, or a tension pneumothorax. With ample left-sided atelectasis, it may be shifted to the left.PercussionPercussion should be performed with the child upright with the head in neutral position, and using the indirect method (a single finger from one hand strikes on a finger of the other hand fixed on an interspace). A gentle force should be used so as to av oid causing injury, especially in a young child). Sounds normally elicited by percussion of the chest are as followsTympany Normally perceive with percussion of the abdomen, is seen in the chest with a massive pneumothorax.Resonance This is the normal state in the chest it is sometimes called vesicular resonance.Hyperresonance Accentuation of the normal percussion is seen with states of hyperinflation like emphysema, asthma, or free intrapleural air. fall test A resonant metallic sound perceive with a stethoscope when tapping a coin that is held flat against the chest with another coin it indicates a pneumothorax.Dullness A flat, thud-like sound, this sound is associated with pleural fluid or parenchymal desegregation. lusterlessness This sound can be mimicked by percussing over muscle its presence in the chest suggests massive pleural effusion.AuscultationAuscultation of the chest should be performed with the age appropriate stethoscope (with chest pieces for premature infants, infants, children, and adolescents/adults). The diaphragm of the chest piece (pressed tightly against the skin) is used to filter out gloomy sounds, thereby isolating treble sound, and the bell (held lightly on the chest) is used preferentially to isolate low-pitched sounds.The upper lobes are best heard by listening anteriorly in the infraclavicular regions, the lower lobes by listening posteriorly below the scapulae, and the right midriff lobe and lingula by listening anteriorly lateral to the lower third of the sternum. either lobes can be heard in the axillae.It is also important to keep away the timing (continuous, early, or late), pitch (high, medium, or low), and character (fine, medium, or coarse) of sounds. These sounds can be divided into breath sounds (produced by the movement of gas by means of the airways), voice sounds (modifi cations of phonation not heard distinctly in the normal state), and adventitious sounds (neither breath or voice sounds).Breath SoundsVe sicular breath sounds are the sounds heard during respiration in a healthy individual. They are low-pitched, with a relatively longer inspiratory phase and a shorter expiratory phase and are louder on inspiration. These sounds emanate from the lobar and segmental airways and are then transmitted through normal parenchyma.Bronchial breath sounds are usually louder than vesicular sounds and have short inspiratory and long expiratory phases. They are higher pitched and louder during expiration. They may be the result of consolidation or compression (i.e., airlessness) of the underlying parenchyma. A similar sound can be heard by listening directly over the trachea.Bronchovesicular breath sounds, as the name implies, are intermediate between vesicular and bronchial sounds. The respiratory phases are roughly equal in length. This sound is felt to be indicative of a lesser degree of consolidation or compression (airlessness) than bronchial sounds. Bronchovesicular (and sometimes bronchial ) breath sounds can occasionally be heard in normal individuals in the auscultatory triangle (the knowledge domain in the back bound by the lower border of the trapezius, the latissimus dorsi, and the rhomboideus study muscles) and the right upper lobe.Wheezes are continuous musical sounds, more commonly expiratory in nature, and usually associated with short inspiratory and prolonged expiratory phases. They can be of single (monophonic) or multiple (polyphonic) pitches, which are higher pitched than vesicular sounds. These can often be very difficult to distinguish from snoring and upper airway sounds such as stridor.Stridor is a musical, monophonic, often high-pitched sound, usually thought of as inspiratory in nature it can be expiratory as well, such as when produced by partial obstruction of a central, typically extrathoracic airway. Its presence in both inspiration and expiration suggests severe, fixed airway obstruction.Voice SoundsThe normal lung parenchyma filters vocaliz ation so that verbalize sounds are not usually heard during auscultation and normally spoken syllables are indistinct. Bronchophony is the distinct transmission of spoken syllables as the result of an underlying consolidation or compression. More severe consolidation or compression results in the transmission of whispered sounds or whispered pectoriloquy. Egophony is very similar to bronchophony but has a nasal quality as well. It may reflect an underlying effusion, consolidation or compression, or both conditions.Adventitious SoundsFine crackles are thought to be the result of the fickle reopening of alveoli that closed during the previous exhalations. These occur exclusively during inspiration and are associated with conditions such as bronchitis, pneumonia, pulmonary infarction, and atelectasis. They can also be normal when heard in the posterior lung bases during the first few breaths on awakening. They may be imitated by rolling several strands of hair between the thumb and exponent in front of the ear or by pulling apart Velcro. Hammans sign, also called a mediastinal crunch, is the finding of crackles associated with systole and is suggestive of pneumomediastinum.Coarse crackles are popping sounds likely produced by the movement of thin fluids in bronchi or bronchioles. They occur early in inspiration and occasionally in expiration as well, may be audible at the mouth, and may seduce or change pattern after a cough. They can sometimes be heard in the anterior lung bases during exhalation to residual volume. An pillowcase of these sounds is the crackles typically heard in patients with cystic fibrosis. Rhonchi (sometimes more descriptively called large airway sounds) are gurgling or bubbling sounds usually heard during exhalation. These sounds are the result of movement of fluid within larger airways. In individuals with pleural inflammation, a pleural friction rub may be heard. This loud, pebbly sound may come and go over a short period of time. I t is usually associated with a subpleural parenchymal inflammatory process.OTHER SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS uniteClubbing is the broadening and thickening of the ends of the fingers and toes that occur as the result of connective meander hypertrophy and hyperplasia and increased vascularity in the distal phalanges, in response to chronic hypoxia. It can be confirmed clinically by checking for Schamroths sign. Causes of clubbing are as followsBronchiectasisSevere pneumonia, lung abscess, or empyemaInterstitial lung disease (autoimmune and infectious) pulmonic arteriovenous malformationHepatopulmonary syndromePulmonary malignancyCyanotic congenital heart diseaseBacterial endocarditisInflammatory bowel diseaseThyrotoxicosisFamilialCyanosisThe use of cyanosis as a clinical indicator of hypoxemia is confounded by a number of factors such as skin pigmentation, poor lighting, the presence of boom out polish, or hypothermia. Cyanosis occurs when the concentration of reduced arterial hemoglobin ex ceeds 3 g/dL. Clinical impression of cyanosis should be verified by arterial billet gas analysis or pulse oximetry.Pulsus paradoxusPulsus paradoxus (fluctuation in systolic blood pressure with respiration) may sometimes be associated with obstructive pulmonary disease. The arterial pressure falls during inspiration and rises with exhalation. It is quantified as the difference between the systolic pressures measured during inspiration and expiration. Pulsus paradoxus is useful in evaluating children with cystic fibrosis and asthma, in which a value of more than 15 mm Hg has been found to investigating

Development of Accounting Systems in China

Development of explanation bodys in main earthly concern chinaware abstractThis report put the be victimization in China into perspective. eviscerate the history and changes in the story environment of China during the upstart stinting reforms by using the Greys (1988) history pass judgment to analyzing the culture impact on reputationing trunks teaching in China, and then, illustrate the institutional and environmental factors which dictated Chinas report placement do changes, the reasons of those changes and then describes the major problem in Chinas report training as surface as to point out(p) whether would be changes in the incoming.IntroductionThis report is aim to describe the development of chronicle administration in China, including the history of Chinas news report except Hong Kong, the unmatchable demesne, two governances policy whollyowed Hong Kong remain its trade-led capitalist remains. Then, it would describe the conventional map of method of be and the factors that findd Chinas accounting development as healthy as what the changes it has do what the major problems that China has face in developing the accounting dust. Then, it would dispute whether China would bear further changes of accounting dust in the future in my opinion. There has a conclusion in the end.Country composeChina had more than 1.34 billion population at the end of 2010. subject field Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced Chinas GDP reaching 39.79 one thousand thousand yuan (approximately 6.04 trillion US dollars) over the course of 2010. (Du Xiaodan, 2011 Paul Pennay, 2011)Brief history ofaccounting in ChinaAccording to Zhang Guohua (2005), Chinas parsimony has undergone three periods of change since 1949 1949- 1978 a socialist, centrall(a)y controlled, planned economy. 1979- 1992 socialist commodity economy. 1992- present socialist market economy. Chinas accounting system has changed with the economy, almost like the period of t he Chinas economy. Development of accounting systems passel broadly be divided into the four stages (more detailed learning of Chinas accounting history rump be found in concomitant 1.)1949-1978 was the primary stage which the consistent accounting system and the 1978-1992, Chinas accounting system has during the conversion and the construction. Then, from 1992 to 1997, the construction of a clean accounting system has issued. The ordinal period is from 1997 to present. The ASC was set up in October 1998 by the Ministry of Finance to handle the development of a complete set of Chinese GAAP. In fellowship to join in the WTO, Chinas accounting standards made virtually change to juxtaposed to IFRS/IASs. The new Chinese score prototypes were adopted by all listed companies from 1 January 2007. Chinese news report Standards will continue to be updated in margin with IFRS developments. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005 The Institute of lea se countants of Scotland, 2010)Traditional substance abuse in ChinaThe underlying function of fiscal accounting is to accounting and monitoring. With the founding of the PRC in 1949, all re roots of production in the country came under take self-possession. story was primarily used for establishing information and account system for the implementation of matter economic policies and resource allocation in the planned economy. (InterChina, 2009) The objectives of fiscal reporting system have been give tongue to to serves one user primarily, the establishment, and then it is stated very broadly to strengthen accounting work of share attempt, to harbor the legitimate interest of investors and creditors (Ministry of Finance, 1992).The change in industry and ownership precise accounting system is due to the take in of macroeconomic planning take aim a uniform system. ( zestfulness, Qingliang, 2000) During the developing of accounting system, there are a crook of users make s use of accounting in varied purpose. Such as Shareholders use accounts to examine the health of business, and the dividends that they can expect to make. The bank whitethorn use the account to see how much loan they would return for the company, and administration would see the how much tax the company require to pay. The main use for accounting is to comply with legal and other requirements, to result information for stakeholders roughly financial performance and viability, to fork out managers with information for decision making and to provide a structure to business activity based on the heedful processing of numerical data. (The Times carbon, n.d)The cultural factor that influenced its developmentThe development of accounting was influenced by some(prenominal)(prenominal) cultural and environmental factors. They shape the accounting system in China. As Merino (cited in Carnegie and Napier, 2002) mentioned, All source material must be viewed as a reflection of the culture. The transition from a communist economy to a capitalist market economy can summarize as contri only whened by the factors as politic, culture, as well as the reform of social and economic or regional and world(prenominal) integration. Before economic reform, Chinas communist culture (See adjunct 2) has strongly influence all the means of accounting control, whether accounting plans, balance sheets, and income statements or, in a wider sense, audit techniques. (Cigdem Solas and Sinan Ayhan, 2008) all the surpluses were owned by the state. A table (See appendix 3) summarizes the information on the difference between capitalist and communist systems, and issues brocaded for examination regarding their reflection in accounting. The transitions of the culture and economy reform were both influence the accounting system in China. For sample, the concept of profit is nonsensical under communist culture due to the panned economy which the surplus goes to government. In capitali sm culture, the economic entity would need to have a certain theatrical role of boundary the profit is one of its results. Particular rules for payment of the various parties knotted would also be required, and monetary assessments of economic flows registered would have to be at l eastmost partly based on market mechanisms. Its status as a measurement of a single entitys performance presumes that there is a capacity for free enterprise do not existing in communist economic structures. Greys (1988) clay sculpture derived accounting values from studies of societal value dimensions by Hofstede (1984), and Greys model has been used to analyse the cultural impact on accounting development in China.Professionalism V StatutoryChinas accounting system is strongly controlled by state rather than overlord. The state closely controlled all enterprises by centralized plans. The profession is also silent relatively new, blue and powerless and it is currently occupied with the problems inv olved in meeting the new audit requirements. And it is unlikely to give up this power to a sea captain body so far. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) This is mainly because the strong power duration in China. In China, power is unquestioned, no matter it is right or wrong, the accountants in China cannot rely on their professional view.Uniformity V flexiblenessDue to the limited circumstances, China has a dual approach which carry a uniform accounting system in the invoice System for Business Enterprises (ASBE) while also developing accounting standards based on IFRS. Enterprises have no judgment at all on how to account for particular transactions or events according to the uniform system. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) It is still as the same as the statutory in China, the accountants has been regulated by the uniform accounting regulation, they have to do as the regulation told to.Conservatism V OptimismThe accounting system in China is conservatism rather than optim ism. The account statement System illustrate that an enterprise should fulfill the requirements of the prudence concept. Including, an enterprise should not overstate assets or revenue, or understate liabilities or expenses. It should not provide for any hidden reserve. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) which means Chinas accounting system has high direct of uncertainly avoidance. Chinese government likes to plan everything in advance just the five years plan, they do not want to see whatsoeverthing make pass unexpected due to the complex situation.Secrecy V TransparencyChinas accounting system has highly secrecy due to the large power distance and strong uncertain avoidance. The collectivist culture of China require the enterprise offer their information to the society but within a clutch of narrative disclosure which stated in ASBE 2001. (Roberts, Weetman and Gordon, 2008) only related pack can see the accounting information such as the managers, shareholders and the gover nment officers. This feature is due to Chinas prudent culture, it is different as the western country but it is totally consistent with Chinas situation.Problems for using the Greys modelThere have some(prenominal) problems by using either Hofsteade model or Greys model to analyzing Chinas situation. Those models has been stated many years ago, in addition, China is rapid development in every aspects those years, therefore, the model may not be 100% appropriate with the situation nowadays. Another problem is China is really king-size there has huge gap between west area and east area no matter in economy or culture.institutional and Environmental factorsThere are several environmental factors which influence accounting system in China.Economic and enterprise reforms have influence the financial reports by change of the contents, format and uses. Enterprises in China are no longer relying on fund appropriation instead of independence in their operational and financing activities. B anking and financing system has restructured, therefore, the role of the state as a source of funds has been reduced. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000) pushmore, various forms of business combinations with joint ownership have emerged (Tang et al, 1992). The rigid, fund-orientated and industry/ownership specific financial reporting system and practices are no longer well-matched the changing business environment. As a result, a universal and user-oriented financial reporting system is necessary to meets the needs of the economic reform. Due to the economic factors, the Objectives of Financial Reporting has made some change as well as the Industry and Ownership particular proposition Accounting System.Furthermore, abroad investment started to influence Chinas accounting system since the open-doors policy. The change magnitude of foreign direct investment and international business transaction impelled China change its accounting system close to international accounting and report standard. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000)The legal factors have been influenced by other factors. The government system is one of the legal factors. The new accounting regulation system (See cecal appendage 3) is being developed towards a legal one. The National Peoples Congress issued the first tier accounting justness in 1985 and revised in 1993 and 1999. It is the elementary law of accounting in China as well as the basis of Chinas accounting work and other related accounting regulations. The State Council and Ministry of Finance formulated second tier- the executive regulations which form conceptual exemplar and general principles of accounting. The third tier authorized by the PRC Accounting rectitude and formulated by the Ministry of Finance. (Zhang Guohua, 2005) The legal framework for Chinas accounting system and reporting standards have changed step by step to fulfill the need of economy development.Another driving force for the accounting change is the development of capital market.In 1990 and 1991, the Shanghai shop counterchange and Shenzhen Stock Exchange were established. The development of capital market has influenced Chinese accounting change toward to a capital market-oriented system. Therefore, the structure, content, format, and disclosure of financial information have been significantly influenced by the needs of the capital market. (Tang, Qingliang, 2000)Problems occurred in developmentThere also appeared some problem during the Chinas accounting systems development and transition into international accounting standard. rootage is that Chinese accounting system and IAS requiring different practices for example, inventory must be valued at historical costs under Chinese GAAP, but at the lower of cost and market (LOCAM) under IAS. Another example is accounting for long-term investment. Chinese GAAP offers companies a free selection between cost and equity regularitys if their investments in shares do not expire 50 percent. But in other words, diffe rences between Chinas accounting system and IAS can be reduced by changing accounting standards. (Charles J. P Chen, Ferdinand A. Gui and Xijia Su, 1999) Second, to implementation of IAS requires professional judgment from management as well as auditors. Professional independence and implement of standards have been identified as the two critical issues in international auditing. (Stamp and Moonitz, 1982) The severe shortage of qualified accountants and auditors in China delay the development of professional auditing (Winkle et al. 1994 Graham 1996)Further changesThe development of Chinas accounting system needs to fit Chinas special circumstance. It is impracticable to expect independent/professional auditing to be achievable in China in the future. This implies that the proposed accounting standards will have to operate without independent/professional auditing. It is likely that the flexibility in the detailed accounting standards will provide opportunities for managers to eng age in aggressive earnings management, reducing, even eliminating the probability of exhibit a true and fair view. Therefore, the lack of independent/professional auditing can neutralize the objective of prudence and turn the flexibility into a land of opportunities for earnings exploitation. (Bing Xiang, 1998) In my opinion, there has a trend, which the Chinas accounting system would slightly change towards to the international accounting system in the future, but would neer be exactly the same with the international accounting system because of Chinas special circumstance like one-party policy, different situation in different area, huge power distance and not so easy to managing the full-size land of China.ConclusionIn conclusion, China has undergone profound changes in recent years, not only the economic system but also the accounting standards. China has moved from a system of public ownership of all enterprises to a mixed system with increasing private ownership of both smal l and large companies. There have many factors such as cultural and institutional factors which led to those changes as well as some problem which hold the change back, but Chinas accounting system would still change towards to the IAS due to the requirement of economic development.ReferencesBing, X., (1998) Institutional Factors Influencing Chinas Accounting Reforms and Standards. Accounting Horizons. 12(2) pp 105-119.Carnegie, G.D. and Napier, C.J., (2002) Exploring Comparative internationalist Accounting business relationship, Accounting, Auditing Accountability Journal, 15(5). pp 689-718.Chen, J. P., Gui, A.F., and Su, X., (1999) A Comparison of inform Earnings Under Chinese GAAP vs. IAS Evidence from the Shanghai Stock Exchange. Accounting Horizons. 13(2) pp 91-111.Chiapello, E., and Ding,Y., (2005) Searching for The Accounting Features of chapiterism An Illustration with Economic pitch contour Process in China, SASE, Budapest.Chow, L.M., Chau, G.K. and Gray, S.J. (1995) Accounting reforms in China cultural constraints on implementation and development, Accounting and Business Research, 26(1) 29-49.Du, X., (2011) China has 1.34 billion populations by 2010. WWW Xinhua NEWS. obtainable from http//english.cntv.cn/20110228/109748.shtml Assessed 1/3/2011Graham, L., (1996). Setting a research agenda for auditing issues in the Peoples Republic of China. The International Journal of Accounting. 31(1). pp 19-37.InterChina, (2009) Accounting in China. InterChina Consulting.The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland, (2010) Chinese accounting reform Towards a principles-based global regime. ISBN 978-1-904574-62-0. Edinburgh Technical indemnity Board of the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland (ICAS).Ministry of Finance, Chinese Government, (1992). Accounting system for foreign investment enterprises.Pennay, P., (2011) Chinas GDP Increased by 10.3% in 2010. WWW the Economic percipient online. Available from http//www.eeo.com.cn/ens/homepage /briefs/2011/01/20/191877.shtml Assessed 1/3/2011Roberts, C., Weetman, P., and Gordon, P., (2008) International corporal Reporting A Comparative Approach. 4th ed. FT Prentice Hall.Stamp, E., and Moonitz, M., (1982). International Auditing Standards Part I. CPA Journal. pp 24-32.Solas, S., and Ayhan, S., (2008) The Historical Evolution of Accounting in China (Novissima Sinica) Effects of Culture (2nd Part). Spanish Journal of Accounting History. No.8 pp 138-163.Tang, Q.L., (2000) Accounting Reforms in China A Transition from State Plan and Control-Oriented System to Capital Market-Oriented System. Managerial Finance. 26(5) pp 80-99.Tang, Y., Chow, L., and Cooper, B., (1992). Accounting and Finance in China A limited review of current practice. Hong Kong Longman.The Times 100, (n.d.) Accounting Functions. WWW The Times 100. Available from http//www.thetimes100.co.uk/theory/theoryaccounting-functions111.php Assessed 2/3/2011Wang, B.Z., Huang, J.Y., Wang, B.Q., (2009) Change of Accoun ting System Review. Communication of Finance and Accounting NG. jazz6.Winkle, G., Huss, H., and Chen, X., (1994). Accounting standards in the Peoples Republic of China Responding to economic reforms. Accounting Horizons. Issue 8. pp 48-57.Zhang, G., (2005) Environmental factors in Chinas financial accounting since 1949. Netherland Erasmus University Rotterdam.Appendix 1History of accounting systems development in ChinaChinas accounting history can be traced back 2000 years ago. The word accounting first appeared in Western Zhou Dynasty 11th century BC to 770 BC. During the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), Account book appeared for recording the annual fiscal revenues. The basic traditional Chinese accounting theory such as the scientific bookkeeping method and the four pillars accounts was created in Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279). A new method called Long Men Zhang which is similar to the double-entry bookkeeping method has created in Ming Dynasty (AD1369-1644). Single-entry bookkeeping ha s been used in prior to 1911. (Zhang Guohua, 2005)Since 1949, Development of accounting systems can generally be divided into the four stagesFirst stage is from 1949 to 1978 1949-1952 a corporate accounting system of affiliated enterprises was developed by the central government. 1958-1959, the accounting system has been severely damaged by the scholasticism thinking, some bulk claimed to simplify the accounting system. 1960 to 1966, due to economic development, people realized the sizeableness of accounting. Critical theorists illustrated the error approach of simplify the accounting system, then, the accounting system design work has received attention. Furthermore, the industry-specific regulation has been issued. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005)Second stage is from 1978 to 1992 Chinas accounting has undergone drastic changes due to the opening-up and beginning of reform. 1979-1922, Enterprises started to issue equity shares in 1984. The number of Sino-foreign joint venture has increased Ministry of Finance has issued the Laws on Sino- foreign common Venture to solve the problem of difficult of foreign staff in accounting and use the accounting information. These included a joint venture income tax law and laws on contracts and foreign exchange. Accounting Regulations for Sino- conflicting Joint Ventures and Charts of Account and Accounting Statements for Industrial Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures has issued in 1985 which is the first accounting system reference to international conventions to satisfy the new accounting system in China. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005)Third stage is from 1992 to 1997 Ministry of Finance and the National Committee of Economic expression Reform jointly promulgated Accounting Regulations for Share Enterprises in 1992. Furthermore, Accounting System for Business Enterprises (ASBE) issued in November 1992. The ASBE was a major attempt both to unify the accountin g systems used by different industries and to move financial accounting towards international accounting practices. Because of the development of foreign exchange markets, these regulations which made in 1985 were replaced by Accounting Regulations for Enterprises with Foreign Investments and Charts of Accounts and Accounting Statements for Industrial Enterprises with Foreign Investments in 1993. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005)The fourth stage is start from 1997 to present the Accounting Standard Committee issued to establishing a complete set of accounting standard. The Accounting Law of the PRC which revised in 2000 is the highest level of authority which replaced the pervious law of 1992. (Gray et al, 1995 Wang Baozhong et al, 2009 Zhang Guohua, 2005)

The War On Drugs | History

The War On medicines HistoryThrough out(a) floor medicines have been nonhing however a social problem, virtu exclusivelyy a burden. Some of the most famous and influential mess have been cognise to ab apply medicines. Such individuals atomic number 18 Edgar Allen Poe who smoked opium in an attempt to wee his poetry more creative, and musician Ray Charles, arrested in 1964 on do medicates charges. (Erowid) A rise in do drugs use began around the age when American soldiers came back home from the Vietnam War addicted to heroin. At that eon, drugs were only being used by sm totally group of volume, and they were simply looked atomic pile upon. It was not until the late nineteen sixties when recreational drug use became fashionable among young, w micturatee, middle class American citizens that the United States G everywheren handst end upow its foot big money. (PBS) They started slowly, developing agencies like the (BNDD) Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous drugs, whi ch was founded in 1968 by the Linden Johnson administration. Congress as well started passing laws like the Comprehensive medicine Abuse Prevention and Control Act in 1970.It was not until June 17, 1971 when the warfarefare really started. At a press conference in the ovalbumin House, chair psyche Richard Nixon officially declared war on drugs. He stated, Drug abuse is public enemy, number one in the United States. He also announced the creation of the (SAODAP) Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention. Three years later on August 9, 1974, President Nixon resigned, but not before founding one the greatest assets for the war on drugs, the (DEA) Drug Enforcement Agency. Established in July of 1973, this super agency (PBS) consisted of agents from the CIA, custom and ODALE. This agency was designed to handle all aspects of the drug problem in America and would be headed by Myles Ambrose.Throughout the first years of the course the DEA established their main focus to stop th e flow of hemp from Mexico to America. slightly the mid-seventies the enemy face began to change, the enemy was now cocain and it was orgasm from the country of Colombia. On November 22, 1975 the Colombian police seized over 600 kilos of cocain from a small plane at the Cali (Colombia) Airport. The plane was believed to be headed to Miami, Florida. The amount of cocaine that was seized that day was the largest cocaine bust to date. (PBS)The DEA, along with other agencies, are nonetheless fighting cocaine and many otherdrugs to this day. One of the reasons the war on drugs is lasting so long is because of the hail the war on drugs is a very expense war. In the past, the government has spent around 10 billion dollars a year, this year alone (2011) over $14,000,000,000 is how lots the solid groundal government has spent on this seemingly, never-ending war. (Drug Sense) At this rate the cost per second will be over $600 per second by the end of the year The reason the cost is s o high is because there are so many different agencies and programs that need financial aid. Programs much(prenominal) as D.A.R.E and the Just Say No anti-drug campaign are some of the programs that such money is spent on. The Just Say No campaign was founded by Nancy Reagan in 1984 and was the centerpiece of the Reagan Administrations anti-drug campaign. (Wikipedia) The campaign mainly consisted of TV commercials and public advertisements, to hap kids from trying drugs.When the war on drugs first began to take shape in the proterozoic seventies, the government wanted to know where the illicit substances were coming from. In the beginning the answer was simply Mexico, they had previously imported in all of the marijuana in the sixties. The simple mom and pop obligations (small businesses) would grow the marijuana in their own backyard and smuggle it over the border into southern Texas. This and much larger operations are know as the Trafficking of drugs. (Wikipedia) After a few years of smuggling, the government caught on, so customs started cracking down on the border. This made the smugglers take to the air they began using airplanes to get over the border. (Drug Library) The Mexican smuggling business began to slow down though, due to stricter regulations on customs and border patrol. The lack of business was also due to some other factor Americas drug of choice had changed. America now had a gustation for cocaine and it was coming from the country of Colombia. Cocaine which is an extract of the cocoa edible bean is grown all over the country of Colombia.The country of Colombia is a nation made of poverty and corruption. Its main cash crop is coffee, but in reality its cocaine. It is speculated that in Colombia alone, there is over 150,000 hectares of coco plantations. (Transnational Institute) Colombia depends on cocaine it is estimated 300,000 people are directly dependent on the cocaine economy. (icdc.com) Thousands of people are assassinated and kidnapped every year in Colombia, due to governmental violence. In 1989, three of the five Colombian presidential candidates were murdered the Medellin drug cartel was mainly responsible for these violent atrocities. Medellin is one of Colombias biggest cities it is located in central Colombia.Throughout the early seventies to the early nineties, Medellin was the cocaine crownwork of the world. In fact anyone using cocaine between the late seventies, early eighties, had a high chance of using cocaine from the Medellin Cartel. They invented the market for cocaine they were the first people to ever be that successful in change dope. The Medellin Cartel consisted of many people, but there was one man who controlled it all, the severalise figure on the other end of the war on drugs, the kingpin himself Pablo Escobar El Patron. (Wikipedia) Pablo was born in the most violent of times in Colombia, La Violenica a time of civil war in that nation. about 1965 when Escobar was just 17, h e dropped out of school, and then began selling cocaine, by 1976 he was arrested, but this did not stop him. By 1982 Escobar had become so brawny that he was elected congressman on the Colombian Parliament. (Wikipedia) He also purchased one of Colombias popular professional soccer teams (Escobar was a billionaire). By this time in Colombia, Escobar was looked at as a sort of Robin hood (PBS) buying mass apartment complexes for the poor to live in, the poor love him. He was unstoppable, that was until 1989, Escobar helped coordinate a terrorist campaign that shot down an airliner out of the sky. His men shot down the plane in attempt to dash off the only presidential candidate in the Colombian election. (Wikipedia) After this consequent the U.S. government made Escobar a military target, and began a so-called war with Escobar. Four years later, a vigilante death squad known only has the Los Pepes secretly composed of the Colombian Search axis, Ex Medellin cartel members, and Ame rican DEA agents, announced they intended to attack family members, friends, associates, and assets of Pablo Escobar until he was found. (Wikipedia) On marching music 4, 1993 the Los Pepes killed Escobars attorney Raul Zapata. Two days later the Los Pepes killed two more of Escobars attorneys, by this time the Los Pepes were brutally killing five to six people a day. On July 14, 1993 Col. Hugo Martinez, head of Search Bloc, met with U.S. Army Col. John Alexander and concord to allow a ground-based U.S. listening post in Medellin(Freedom To Exhale) Finally on December 2, 1993, Colonel Martinez and his men tracked Escobar to his three million-dollar estate. As the Search Bloc went in to arrest him, Escobar ran out on the roof and he and his bodyguard Alvaro de Jesus Agudelo, fired at the squad. Because of this, the police were forced to gun both(prenominal) of them down. He died from multiple gunshot wounds the day after his birthday at the age of 44. This was the deathblow to the Medellin Cartel business would never be the identical in Medellin.Another country that is highly involved in drug trafficking in America is the country of Mexico. In the past, Mexico was primarily responsible for marijuana today Mexico is responsible for many illicit substances coming into the United States, but mainly cocaine and marijuana. Today there are many drug cartels in Mexico, but the Arellano- Felix Organization (aka Tijuana Cartel) is by far the strongest. (Wikipedia) The Arellano-Felix Organization is coupling Americas most violent drug trafficking cartel. Based out of Tijuana, Mexico, for over a decade they shipped tons of cocaine, heroin and methamphetamines into the U.S. every year. Annual revenues are in the hundreds of millions. (DEA) The cartels strategy is to recruit Juniors young educated upper class men with families living on both sides of the San Diego-Tijuana border, using them as their drug runners and hit men. They have single handedly killed hundreds of innocent people including the cardinal of a church in Mexico. They were on the FBIs ten most wanted list a couple years ago, but they are still on the loose.At the other end of the war on drugs, is intervention treatment for the dependance to drugs. Addiction is one the most serious parts of the war on drugs, its the aftermath of having fun. (PBS) The Vietnam soldiers were some of the first people to suffer from heroin addiction. head-shrinker Dr. Robert DuPont is a pioneer doctor in drug abuse treatment he performed studies in Washington D.C. in 1969 of heroin addicts, and then persuade the mayor to allow him to provide methadone to the heroin addicts. This action resulted in the citys crime rate dropping. (PBS)Speaking of drug abuse addiction and treatment, the be incurred needs mentioning. The cost of addiction can be devastating to the abusing person and the persons family. People swap in their cars, clothing, and shelter just to get a fix for their addiction. Moreover, the cost of rehabilitation is outrageous. Unless you are attending a innocent one, it can cost up to $1000 dollars a week. There are many public programs today for the sole purpose of keeping people clean. Programs such as Betty Ford, D.A.R.E, and many more are set up to keep people from drug abuse.In the end, the war on drugs is not a war to be won or lost it all boils down to personal choice to do drugs, or not to do drugs. Hopefully the choice is not to do drugs. Also, the complete ceasing of illegal drug smuggling into the United States is virtually impossible. For one, the 2,000 miles of border separating the U.S. and Mexico, as well as the coastal areas, make it tough to stop all drug trade from the south. I also suspect that government corruption on both sides of the border allow for many of these illegal substances to make their way into this nation, as it generates enormous amounts of money. After all, it is all about the money and power.

Diversity Statement - I am Korean :: College Admissions Essays

Diversity Statement - I am Korean   My first interaction with the cruelty of the real world was in fourth grade, in a small suburban town in South Carolina.   You Chinese freak Come on, use your karate against me boys would shout mockingly, indeed start spouting phrases of nonsense as if they meant something. Pshaw. I was, am and allow forever and a day proudly be a Korean.   When I interact with forward-looking people, they spend their time guessing my heritage. Chinese and Japanese are always the first nationalities they guess. Others who are familiar with people of my ancestry catch on more quickly. And then there are those who automatically assume. A in truth small number of people can guess correctly on their first try.   We live in a province that drills into our heads ideas about emancipation and equality. Wars have been fought, violence has been used and galore(postnominal) have suffered so that this sylvan can live up to its ideals. Could such a gre at country make false promises and hopes? Perhaps, because, after all, the U.S. is run by humans, and that means mistakes depart be made. But shouldnt the U.S. have learned its lesson by now and non make the same mistakes repeatedly?   In 1997, a Civil Rights movement against the City of Atlanta was brought by Korean-American store owners about riots that took place in their business. Police watched the destruction and did nothing. The citys attorney argued that the Federal Civil Rights statues were written totally for the protection of African-Americans, not otherwise minorities, including Korean-Americans. Atlantas position in this matter was rejected by the United States Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals, but many are appalled that a city so involved in civil rights could hold such an insulting view against our certain intrinsic rights. Their view was not only discrimination against Korean-Americans, but against descendants of other minority groups residing, visiting o r working around Atlanta.   Koreans, as tumefy as other minorities in Atlanta, might have to deal with the precaution that we will not be protected by the laws of the city because of loss. Signs of prejudice are everywhere.

Macbeth: Characteristics Of Macbeth That Led To His Downfall :: essays research papers

Macbeth Characteristics of Macbeth That Led to His laying wasteRickford FooTomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow... Sometimes tomorrow neer comesand as for Macbeth, tomorrow meant another day of inner torment and guilt. This successful Thane literally got the better of himself as soon as he started toconsider in the witches. After the prophesies, Macbeths popularity seems totake a turn for the worst as swell up as his mental state. Even though the witchesdid tempt him with the subject of nice king, and lady Macbeth helped him withhis natural hesitation of committing murder, Macbeth chose the cr receive over ishonor.Moreover, I guess that Macbeth caused his own downfall. There werepeople like the witches and his wife who influenced him, that it was his selectionto choose over salvation of the next world and stuff throw of this one.Ambition is always good...to an extent. An overambitious person, Macbeth is toointrigued by the witches prodigy that he ignores all of the years of loyaltyand ethics to his king for his own selfishness. And in the end, apparently,Macbeths ambition is stronger than his conscience.In addition, Macbeths ambition caused him to do desperate things.Desperation. in my opinion, take Macbeths own grave. When the subject ofMacduff arrives, I dont think that he would befool been so bitter towards Macbethif he hadnt killed his wife and children. cleanup position Macduffs family gainsnothing for Macbeth and tries to bestow at Macduff indirectly. This act ofdesperation and spitefulness gives a good rationality to instanter fear Macduff.Also, as Macbeth took the throne, he really didnt trust anyone only hiswife, Lady Macbeth. Paranoid, due to King Duncans murder, Macbeth lets hisdelusional state of mind besot to him. Therefore, from his veritable guilt ofmurder causes Macbeth to become paranoiac and kill about more. Killing Macduffsfamily was definitely an act of desperation. He also plants spies showing once againhow paranoid and desperate he was seeing his enemies, real or imagined,everywhere.Lastly, I thought process that Macbeth showed some very important traits that weshould all learn from.Macbeth Characteristics Of Macbeth That Led To His Downfall essays research papers Macbeth Characteristics of Macbeth That Led to His DownfallRickford FooTomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow... Sometimes tomorrow never comesand as for Macbeth, tomorrow meant another day of inner torment and guilt. Thisvictorious Thane literally got the better of himself as soon as he started tobelieve in the witches. After the prophesies, Macbeths popularity seems totake a turn for the worst as well as his mental state. Even though the witchesdid tempt him with the idea of becoming king, and Lady Macbeth helped him withhis natural hesitation of committing murder, Macbeth chose the crown over ishonor.Moreover, I believe that Macbeth caused his own downfall. There werepeople like the witches and his wife who influenced him, but i t was his choiceto choose over salvation of the next world and material gain of this one.Ambition is always good...to an extent. An overambitious person, Macbeth is toointrigued by the witches prediction that he ignores all of the years of loyaltyand ethics to his king for his own selfishness. And in the end, apparently,Macbeths ambition is stronger than his conscience.In addition, Macbeths ambition caused him to do desperate things.Desperation. in my opinion, dug Macbeths own grave. When the subject ofMacduff arrives, I dont think that he would have been so bitter towards Macbethif he hadnt killed his wife and children. Killing Macduffs family gainsnothing for Macbeth and tries to get at Macduff indirectly. This act ofdesperation and spitefulness gives a good reason to now fear Macduff.Also, as Macbeth took the throne, he really didnt trust anyone except hiswife, Lady Macbeth. Paranoid, due to King Duncans murder, Macbeth lets hisdelusional state of mind get to him. Therefore, from his original guilt ofmurder causes Macbeth to become paranoid and kill some more. Killing Macduffsfamily was definitely an act of desperation. He also plants spies showing againhow paranoid and desperate he was seeing his enemies, real or imagined,everywhere.Lastly, I thought that Macbeth showed some very important traits that weshould all learn from.

Female Characters in The Ivory Swing and The Tiger in theTiger Pit Essa

Female Characters in The Ivory tangle and The tiger in theTiger Pit With beautifully punish images, Janette food turner Hospital creates four vivid female character in her two novels. The four characters argon Juliet and Yashoda in The Ivory Swing and Elizabeth and Emily in The Tiger in theTiger Pit . Each of the above is invested by Turner Hospital with a deep consciousness. In the view of Janette Turner Hospital, women are immensely uncertain. They are never sure of what they want. However, when it comes to dealing with external conflicts, they are very strong-willed. On the other hand, she also indicates that maternal love is strong. Women fork over aroused beliefs in the importance of the family. As the stories follow, these feminine personalities are little by little proved. Before leaving for India, Juliet had a hard time deciding whether to occlusive with her professor husband, David, or move to Montreal to stay with her former lover Jeremy. unsettled as usual, al l Juliet wants is to maintain the balancing act. She could never summon up the courage to face new circumstances. Her mind is never firm bounteous to challenge the present state. So she makes her choice in the order of morality. She waistband with her husband and leaves for India with him. It is more likely that the fate designated Juliets future. She is married to Dave on her birth accord. Therefore, she does what a good wife is supposed to do. 1. Reviewed in Booklist v.79 p.994 Apr 1, 1983 2. The Ivory Swing p.18 In Kerala, where David is on sabbatical to study primitive Indian culture, the orthodontic braces encounter... ...hat the situations are, women would suffer to protect their children. Maternal love is always shown in the initiatory place. On top of the above, Tuner Hospital also implies that women have passionate belief in family. Both of the two books The Ivory Swing and The Tiger in the Tiger Pit are written sensitively. Yet the last mentioned is not as successful as the former one. 50th wedding ceremony anniversaries and family reunions of any kind ought to be left to the manufacturers of greeting cards. 12. Life with generate by Judith Fitzgerald Reviewed in Books in Canada v.12 p.33 Nov 1983 BIBLIOGRAPHY HOSPITAL, JANETTE TURNER,THE TIGER IN THE TIGER PIT. TORONTO, McCLELLAND & STEWART LTD. 1987. HOSPITAL, JANETTE TURNER,THE pearl SWING. TORONTO, McCLELLAND & STEWART LTD. 1982.

Beerpong :: essays papers

Beerpong Beer pong is peerless of the most popular potable games known to collegiate students crossways the country. This game is so often vie in college life that most of the time, rules cannot be agreed upon because there are so many different versions. Everyone who plays the game knows a different practice of rules, based upon what they had previously been taught. This paper leave behind discuss not scarcely how to play the game, but popular variations that I have come across while doing extensive and grueling research for this paper as wholesome.In order to play beer pong, there are essential items you must have. First, you will need a Ping-Pong table, but any table most the same length will do. then(prenominal) you will need twelve, sixteen-ounce cups, rather the red ones that are frequently used at parties, as well as two Ping-Pong b all tolds. Two additional cups make full with urine will be useful to clean the balls after they hit the floor. However, thi s is an ex gratia hygienic step not necessary to play the game, but one that is recommended. Oh, not to mention, the beer. I would suggest that there is a lot readily available, because it is common to go through it quickly in this game. After all of the necessary items are gathered, it is time to set up the game. First, pick two teams, made up of either one or two people. in that location should be even teams, but Canadian doubles are acceptable. A Canadian double is a team of two, verses a team of one. Then each team should take six cups and set them up in pyramid form on the far ends of the table making surely that the rims of the cups are touching each other. Once the cups are set, they should be filled with beer. A lite, cheap beer is probably the best due to the fact that it is sparing and it will go down easier. In the version that Im most familiar with, there are two full beers in each set of six cups, and you can fill these cups however you want. For example, if you w anted, you could hurtle all the beer in the back three cups and very little in the front three. The front three are easier to hit, because they are closer to the individual shooting, so if you put less beer in them, it would make the game harder for your opponent.

Living Together before Marriage Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Coha

Living To give riseher Before Marriage There atomic number 18 many advantages and disadvantages in nutrition together in the beginning trade union. Today at that place are many couples sustentation together to begin with marriage. Sometimes these kinds of relationships living together before marriage end up with success and sometimes they are unsuccessful. Some of the advantages of living together before marriage are such as get to know your partner, learning about ones abilities if he/she can satisfy your expectations and more. Also, on that point are some disadvantages in living together before marriage and they are such as religious and family values, parenting problems and more. I think there are more advantages then disadvantages in living together before marriage, because sometimes disadvantages in this kind of relationship are avoidable.One of the advantages of living together before marriage is getting to know a soul that you might unify with. It is important for a person to know intimately everything about the other person that he/she is going to get marry with. However, it can?t be accomplish without living together for a while before getting married. People need to know how a person is handling his/her life from all aspects such as behavior, mental, monetary and others before a person decides to get married with. This can non be completed in a few days, therefore, it is important to comprise together for a while before deciding weather to get married or now. Also, learning about a person?s abilities to satisfy yo...

There Are Jews in My House Essay -- Literary Analysis, Lara Vapnyar

There ar Jews in My House Lara Vapnyar, in There Are Jews in My House, ingeniously shows her wisdom some life by exploring humanity and human frailty. outstandingly adept at portraying characters, Vapnyar, a recent Russian immigrant herself, vividly depicts the struggles and adventures, dilemmas and unexpected turns in small peoples world, with delicate humor and incredible stirred up h onesty. It is her deft and vivid portraits of different main characters in each of the sestet stories that successfully develop her main theme human beings should always confine on their way of pursuing religious sustenance, regardless of the adversity they face.In the title story, There Are Jews in My House, Vapnyar reveals that ethical motive and faith atomic number 18 two important forms of spiritual sustenance. The emotional transition of the only three-dimensional character, Galina, towards her Jewish friend, Raya, is the main thread of this story. At first, Galina decides to save Raya an d Leeza although she somehow knows the danger inherent in harboring Jews. But the thought of the danger does not dampen Galinas fervidness on the contrary, it makes her all the more enthusiastic (28). However, the external conflicts, which arise beneath the law against Jews, cause the internal conflicts in Galinas mind. Ambivalence comes up inescapably and her hypocrisy slowly outweighs her generosity. Holding two lives in her hand while risking her own life, Galina desperately wants to back out and to tell Raya, No, no, you cant stay here. Its not for me. I am the wrong type of person. I am not prepared (30).Furthermore, Galinas negative attitudes towards Raya, deeply buried in her mind, are unearthed and magnified. On the one hand, Galina still hides Raya in her ... ... lessons anymore (138). At the end of the story, her confession about her ignorance in front of her students finally releases her from solving the burdens of sex as fountainhead as of exile. I dont know she sa ys, I enjoyed saying these words so oft that it made me light-headed. I felt like hopping on one stem around the classroom singing, I dont know I dont know I dont know (149).By creating all these characters, Vapnyar successfully conveys to people the importance of adhering to their morals and opening their hearts, facing the present and relinquishing the past, experiencing the need for confirmation and speck the desire for shared hesitancy, maintaining their faith and pursuing true love, or admitting their ignorance and confronting their fears. only(prenominal) when people begin to seek these objectives, can they finally achieve their spiritual sustenance.

African American Slang Essay -- Communication Language Essays

Afri terminate American Slang African American Slang has had many other names Ebonics, Jive, blackened English, and more than. The Oxford English mental lexicon defines slang (in reference to language) in three different ways 1) the excess vocabulary used by any set of persons of a beginning or disreputable character language of a low and vulgar shell 2) the special vocabulary or phraseology of a particular avocation or profession the cant or jargon of a veritable class or period 3) language of a highly informal type, considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of unseasoned words or of current words employed in about special sense. Whatever ones perspective on slang, it is a natural and inevitable part of language. In this paper I leave alone discuss examples of current slang being used that some wad may not understand.The African influence of American English can be found as far back as the ordinal century. Although its influe nce may have began that far back, the influence of African American slang has arguably reached its peak (so far) in the last half on the 20th century. Evidence of this can be seen in magazines, music, television, and films. Perhaps more importantly, evidence can be seen in the way that people of social groups, other than African American, have changed their speech due to this influence. The Equal Rights front lead to a paradigm shift in African American linguistic consciousness due to dumb intellectuals, scholars, activists, artists, and writers deliberately engaging in a search for a way to express Black identity element and the particular circumstances of African American life. Although there had been strides in Black pride in the past, this was the first one to call for linguistic Black p... ...at this is a desired result. Ebonics is a fun variation on the standard, and as stated in the beginning of this paper, Ebonics has an influence many would say a positive one, on the m ainstream dialect. Works CitedGreen, Jonathon. The Cassell mental lexicon of Slang. London Cassell, 1998.Klein, Ernest. A universal Etymological vocabulary of the English Language.Volume 1 A-K.Amsterdam Elsevier Publishing Company, 1966.Major, Clarence. Dictionary of Afro-American Slang.New York International Publishers, 1970. New York- - -. Juba to Jive A Dictionary of African American Slang. London Penguin Books, 2000.Oxford English Dictionary Online. second ed. whitethorn 2001. http//www.oed.comScotti, Anna and Paul Young. Buzz Words New York St. Martins Press, 1997.Smitherman, Geneva. Black Talk. 2nd ed.Boston Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000.

Essay on Pattern, Language, and Shape of Easter Wings -- Easter Wings

Pattern, Language, and Shape of Easter Wings George Herbert, the seventeenth century poet and author, lived and wrote at the dawn of an age of reason, when the English people were students of two the sciences, such as chemistry and physics, and of religion. This was a time when Clergymen were authorities on all(prenominal) matters, bishops designed flying boats, lawyers knew the fine points of theology, and physicians wrote exquisite lyrics and impassioned prose (Witherspoon 298). In such a time, a literary work would quickly be forgotten if it could not inspire interest. Thus it is, perhaps, that Herbert wrote some of his most strongly spectral poems, such as Easter Wings and The Altar, with such an eye-catching and ridiculous style of construction. In Easter Wings, Herbert uses a highly uncommon form, both in appearance and mechanics, to draw attention to a simple and other familiar religious subject. The very pattern, language, and shape all serve to focus the common con tent of the poem. Easter Wings is, in essence, a poem in the style of simple confessional prayer it first admits the faults of man, and then exhorts perfection to allow the confessor redemption and the chance to become uplifted again. The pattern Herbert uses, and repeats in each stanza, reflects this progression of the prayer. Each stanza is divided into two parts of comprise continuance, one for the admission, the next for the exhortation. For each of the lines, as the plight of man is described, the length of that line is decreased, until the turning of the stanza, which comes at the midpoint of the pattern. Then, as the poem extols the pick up power of God and the effects of joining with Him, the lines increase in length again, returning to their i... ...ords. The content of the poem is held in its very shape. In tell to make interesting a simple devotional poem on a common theme, George Herbert successfully used many creative and innovational devices in Easter Wings in such a mode that the form of the poem amplifies its content. Through repetitive and representative patterning, high and lyric language, and a most uncommon shaping of each verse, he managed to fix a poem which not only stood out in the transitional seventeenth century, but which also remains wholly notable and in a flash intriguing even today. Moreover, the strengths of Herberts Easter Wings will most in all probability keep the poem eye-catching far into the future, whether its content is popular at the time or not. Works Cited Alexander Witherspoon, ed. College Survey of English Literature. stark naked York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1951

The Five Factor Model Of Personality Essays -- Psychology essays resea

The precise definition of nature has been a betoken of discussionamongst many distinct theorists within many different disciplines since the counterbalanceoff gear of civilization. Personality can be defined as the distinctive and device characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior that define anindividuals personal style and influence his or her interactions with the environment (Atkinson, Atkinson, Smith & Bem, 1993 525). It can be proposedthat personality psychology has two different tasks. The first involvesspecifying the variables on which individuals differ from one a nonher. Thesecond involves synthesizing the psychological processes of compassionate functioninginto an integrated account of the total person (Atkinson et al., 1993 532).There be many different theories of personality and many different theorists.The purpose of this analyse is to examine the trait approach, specifically thefive- compute poseur. Both the development and limitations of the F ive-Factor modelof personality shall be discussed.Trait possibility is based on several assumptions. The first assumption isthat any difference between people that is seen as remarkable will have a name.Secondly, these names, known as traits, ar conceived of as continuousdimensions. In general, trait theories assume that people vary at the same time ona effect of personality brokers. These traits are of both the connection anddisjunctive form. Therefore, to understand a trait, it is necessary tounderstand what a item trait is and what type of behavior is consequence ofthat trait. (Atkinson et al., 1993). Five factor theorists are one set of traittheorists. The claim of five factor theorists is that behaviour can be bestpredicted and explained by measurement of five sovereign personality factors. Thefive factor possibility is a fairly novel proposal and has its basis in earlier work,which shall be discussed.One of the statistical techniques most commonly used in the study ofpersonality is that of factor depth psychologyBy identifying groups of highly intercorrelated variables,factor analysis enables us to crack how many underlyingfactors are measured by a set of original variables. In otherwords, factor analysis is used to exhibit the factor structureof a set of variables. (Diekhoff, 1992 333)A factor analysis will generally show t... ...ratings, thebig five model is highly useful. If the purpose of the field is also toinvestigate observers attributions about individual differences the five-factor model is less significant. If the study of personality aims to emphasisethe whole person and the dynamic nature of personality, the model seems to beonly of minor concern. As such, from the view of multifaceted personology, thefive-factor model is one model in personality... not the model of personality(McAdams, 1992 355).In conclusion, the support and criticisms of the five factor model arenot as black and white as would be hoped. Each argument has logic al reasoningand can provide evidence to support itself. Each view also has a large number ofsupporters. Neither one is necessarily correct, as it is possible for the modelto be applicable at some stages, and not applicable at others. As a result, itis probable and acceptable to conclude that the five factor theory may or maynot be an appropriate model of personality. Perhaps a comparison of how muchsupporting literature on that point is for each argument is a useful method for decidingwhich theory an individual may choose to support.

The Main Bank Relationship in Japan :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

The Main border Relationship in Japan First, it is necessary to define what a Nipponese briny pious platitude is. The main(prenominal) situate is defined as the fiscal group (kinyu keiretsu in japanese) in the paper. Financial group is defined in principle by the amount of financing that a situateing concern supplies to a particular borrowing companionship. When a given company has taken taboo the largest amount of loans from a particular bank for the past three or more years consecutively, the company is viewed as belonging to that banks financial group. Nearly all the companies listed in the first section of capital of Japan Stock Exchange have a main bank. However, these companies borrow not just from their main bank, but from a large number of former(a) banks and financial institution as well. While the main bank is an chief(prenominal) lender, the company must also rely on loans from the main banks competitors which in sum far exceed those from the main bank itse lf.Although the generally accepted notion among researchers in that the main bank race in Japan is extremely stable, this evidence suggests that the Japanese main bank is one of much more fluidity than has been generally believed. Now, the paper presents round factors that might account for the actual changing patterns of main bank affiliations. These factors argon (a) the incredulity of companies operating performance, assuming the main bank relationship serves an serious function of risk-sharing between companies and banks, it fundament be derived that an increase in the uncertainty of the business environment for a specific industry should decrease the residuum of companies that change their main bank, thus, changes in main bank affiliation forget be systematically related to changes in the uncertainty of the performance of corporate borrowers (b) the history of the main bank relationship, as the accumulated value of the main bank relationship is assumed to be positively correlated with the length of the relationship, the longer a company has continued to maintain a main bank relationship with a specific bank, ceteris paribus, the less likely the company is to break that relationship off this proposition concerning the changeableness of the main bank relationship is also a testable one (c) the growth of the borrowing companies, it can be regarded as related to main bank changes in 2 ways first, the growth of a company raise its

Comparison of Kafkas Metamorphosis and Dali’s Illumined Pleasures Essa

A Comparison of Franz Kafkas novel, Metamorphosis, and Salvador Dalis Painting, Illumined PleasuresIn Franz Kafka novel, Metamorphosis, we are introduced to the disappointment that Greg Samsa feels as a result of feeling inadequate through the middle mannikin life he is leading. In this novel, Kafka engrosss a build up of sensation ca employ by his own internal struggle and expresses it through this rather contrary story. Like Kafkas complex and daunting tale, many surrealist painters have used the same emotion and theme through their artwork and through the use dimension, have brought this feeling to life. In the Salvador Dalis scene, Illumined Pleasures, this same morbid appealingness can be found as well. Both of these works of art are similar in that there is a loss with the understanding of the real world and there is a more dominate byice of a world that would reflect that of a dream. In Franz Kafka novel, Metamorphosis 1 can easily perceive the dissatisfaction faced by Greg Samsa somewhat weaken and repetitive life. In spite of his unhappiness towards leading his proletariat life-style his feels an obligation with having to the be backbone of his family and provide them with the financial support starting line off as being believing that he was the backbone of his family, Samsa concisely discovers when he is transformed into a rather grotesque twit, his family complete flush it towards his contri simplyions and how helped them with their overall survival. When transformed into a bug overnight, Greg Samsa experiences struggle and anguish non only through the new form his body has taken but also the through the discovery and realization of his family members demeanor. As a result of being turned into a bug, Samsa starts to find a new taste... ...rightening than the last. The thoughts in this painting are scattered and dont necessary follow a straight sequence. One can fill up from this that through his painting, Dali incorporates many fa ctors similar to those one would experience when dreaming. In both(prenominal) these works we are introduced into a somewhat distorted sense of reality. though in thought we can imagine ourselves feeling as low-pitched or worthless as a bug a times, it is delightful accurate to say that the possibility of someone suddenly transforming into a bug is highly unlikely. Like Dalis painting, we also find ourselves examining something that seems to be off course with our general sense of reality. With its gory and disturbing imagery, Dalis painting and Kafkas novel both seem to have captured a ballpark nightmare brought to life either through elaborate story notification or through vibrant painting.

The Death March Essay -- War, World War II

Plan of InvestigationA tactic utilise in past struggles, and also categorized as a war crime, is known as the death march. These marches have often been criticized for macrocosm inhumane, and forcing enemy soldiers into conditions primitive and unsanitary. (51 Allen) Both of the death marches studied in this historical investigation occurred in World War II. The first is the Bataan final stage March, inflicted upon Americans and Philippines by the Nipponese. The second case studied allow be the strained movement of undesirables (i.e. Jews, Homosexuals, blacks, gypsies, etc.) in the numerous Nazi death marches. How and why did the reasons and strategies for the Bataan last March compare with those of the Nazi death marches? Both cases will be summarized and then analyzed. The justification for these marches will therefore chip in to deciphering the extent that these marches helped the instigating countries, and what war would have been like without them. Primary s ources, much(prenominal) as Abandoned on Bataan, along with secondary sources such as Double Victory will be utilized to fully gripe the differences of the two marches.Summary of Evidence1)Bataan finis MarchWhen General MacArthur of the unify States surrendered, the Japanese were non prepared for the immense number of US and Filipino prisoners. Their justification for their war crimes comes from their culture. The Japanese were instilled with the idea of fight or death. Surrendering was not an option to the Japanese, because it made one scum, and not even human. In the Japanese perspective, the American soldiers that surrendered had intentionally put themselves in this position. The Japanese did what they were taught their cultural traditions allowed for the frenzy an... ...ese Lines in World War II. New York NAL Caliber, 2009. Print.Allen, Oliver Craig, and Mildred Faye Allen. Abandoned on Bataan iodin Mans Story of Survival. Boerne, TX Crimson Horse Entertainment and Pub., 2002. Print.American Experience . MacArthur . The beleaguering of Bataan PBS. Interview by Edwin Ramsey, Richard Gordon, and Leon Beck. PBS Public Broadcasting Service. 2009. Web. .Holocaust Encyclopedia. Death Marches. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 06 Jan. 2011. Web. .Nelson, Jim. The Causes of the Bataan Death March Revisited. 11 whitethorn 2007. Web. .Smurthwaite, David. The Pacific War Atlas 1941-1945. New York HMSO, 1995. Print.